Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7318/KJFC/2014.29.5.464

Effects of Skipping Breakfast on Nutrition Status, Fatigue Level, and Attention Level among Middle School Students in Gyunggi Province, Korea  

Yim, Kyeong Sook (Department of Food & Nutrition, The University of Suwon)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture / v.29, no.5, 2014 , pp. 464-475 More about this Journal
Abstract
Eating breakfast provides crucial nutrition for brain function and helps promote overall health. It is especially critical in growing adolescents, as it is known to form good eating habits and better study habits. This study investigated the effects of skipping breakfast on nutritional state, fatigue level, and attention level. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010 on total of 828 adolescents composed of 414 boys and 414 girls. Students who ate breakfast never to twice per week were placed in the breakfast-skipper group while students who ate breakfast more than five times per week were included in the breakfast-eater group. Students performed a self-reported questionnaire on food behaviors, amount of food consumption, fatigue level, attention deficient hyperactivity disease (ADHD) level by Conners-Wells' Adolescent Self-Report Scales, depression scale, and self-esteem level. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SAS program (version 9.1). A total of 135 boys (32.6%) and 138 girls (33.3%) were included in the breakfast-skipper group, whereas 241 boys (58.2%) and 223 girls (53.9%) were included in the breakfast-eater group. The breakfast-skipper group showed irregular food behaviors and lacked nutrients. Specifically, energy (p< .001), protein (p< .001), dietary fiber (p< .001), calcium (p< .01), vitamin A (p< .01), thiamin (p< .05), niacin (p< .001) levels in boy breakfast-skippers were statistically lower compared to boy breakfast-eaters. Intakes of all nutrients except fat in girl breakfast-skippers were statistically lower than in girl breakfast-eaters. Girl breakfast-skippers (41.3%) showed significantly higher fatigue risks compared to girl breakfast-eaters (21.5%). Low attention level was also observed only in girls in the breakfast-skipping group. Moreover, students in the breakfast-skipper group showed higher scores for depression and low self-esteem (p< .001). In conclusion, skipping breakfast has effects on young adolescents' nutrition, manifesting as high fatigue level and low attention level, especially in girls.
Keywords
Adolescents; breakfast-skipping; nutrition; fatigue; attention;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 9  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Rampersaud GC, Pereira MA, Girard BL, Adams J, Metzl JD, 2005. Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents. J. Am. Diet. Assoc, 105(5):743-760   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Report of the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012, Ministry of Health & Welfare, The Korea Centers of Disease Control and Prevention.
3 Robins RW, Widaman KF, Conger RD, 2013. Is Low Self-Esteem a Risk Factor for Depression? Findings from a Longitudinal Study of Mexican-Origin Youth. Dev. Psychol., 50(2):622-633
4 Rosenberg, M, 1965. Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton : Princeton University Press, pp 135-138
5 Shin SC, Kim MK, Yun KS, Kim JH, Lee MS, Moon SJ, Lee MJ, Lee HY, Yoo KJ, 1991. The center for epidemiologic studies-depression scale: its use in Korea. J. Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc., 30(4):752-767
6 Stea TH, Torstveit MK, 2014. Association of lifestyle habits and academic achievement in Norwegian adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 14(1):829(1-8)
7 The Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention & the Korean Pediatric Society, 2007. Body Growth Standard Value of Korean Pediatrics and Juveniles in 2007, Seoul
8 The Korean Nutrition Society, 2010. Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2010. The Korean Nutrition Society, Seoul, pp xxiv-xxvii
9 The Korean Society for the Study of Obesity, 2012. Obesity and Treatment Guidelines 2012. Korean Society for the Study of Obesity, Seoul, pp 141-148
10 Timlin MT, Pereira MA, 2007. Breakfast frequency and quality in the etiology of adult obesity and chronic diseases. Nutr. Rev., 65(6 Pt 1):268-281   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Yeoh YJ, Yoon JH, Shim JE, 2009. Relation of breakfast intake to diet quality in korean school-aged children: Analysis of the data from the 2001 national health and nutrition survey. Korean J. Comm. Nutr., 14(1):1-11   과학기술학회마을
12 Yi BS, 2004. A Comparative study on dietary life and recognition of diet related factors in elementary, middle and high school students. J. Korean Diet. Assoc., 10(3):364-374   과학기술학회마을
13 Yi BS, Yang IS, 2006. An exploratory study for identifying factors related to breakkfast in elementary, middle and high school students. Korean J. Comm. Nutr., 11(1):25-38
14 Yoon NJ, Shin NN, 2014. The effects of children's perceptions of parental expectations, self-esteem, and achievement motivation on school happiness. Korean J. Child. Studies, 35(3):157-176   과학기술학회마을   DOI
15 Yorra ML, 2014. Self-efficacy and self-esteem in third-year pharmacy students. Am. J. Pharm. Educ., 78(7):134-138   DOI
16 Basch CE, 2011. Breakfast and the Achievement Gap Among Urban Minority Youth. J. Sch. Health., 81(10):635-640   DOI
17 Adolphus K, Lawton CL, Dye L, 2013. The effects of breakfast on behavior and academic performance in children and adolescents. Front Hum. Neurosci., 7:425(1-28)
18 Arora M1, Nazar GP, Gupta VK, Perry CL, Reddy KS, Stigler MH, 2012. Association of breakfast intake with obesity, dietary and physical activity behavior among urban school-aged adolescents in Delhi, India: results of a crosssectional study. BMC Public Health, 12:881(1-12)
19 Bahn GH, Shin MS, Cho SC, Hong KE, 2001. A preliminary study for the development of the assessment scale for ADHD in adolescents: Reliability and validity for CASS(S). Korean J. Child & Adol. Psychiatr., 12(2):218-224   과학기술학회마을
20 CAN Pro 3.0 (Computer-Aided Nutrition Analysis Program, Pro 3.0), 2006. The Korean Nutrition Society, Seoul.
21 Choe JS, Chun HK, Chung GJ, Nam HJ, 2003. Relations between the dietary habit and academic achievement, subjective health judgement, physical status of high school students. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr., 24(4):624-635   과학기술학회마을   DOI
22 Conner CK, 1997. Conners Rating Scales. Revised Technical Manual. Multi-Health Systems, New York, pp 213-215
23 Conner SL, GUstafson JR, Artaud-Wild SM, Classick-kohn CJ, Conner WE. 1989. The cholesterol-saturated fat index for coronary prevention; background, use and comprehensive table of foods. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 89(6):807-816
24 Hong S, Bae HC, Kim HS, Park EC, 2014. Variation in mealskipping rates of Korean adolescents according to socioeconomic status: results of the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. J. Prev. Med. Public Health, 47(3):158-168   DOI
25 Deshmukh-Taskar PR, Nicklas TA, O'Neil CE, Keast DR, Radcliffe JD, Cho S, 2010. The relationship of breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumption with nutrient intake and weight status in children and adolescents: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 110(6):869-878   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Gacek M, 2013. Dietary habits and locus of control assessed in middle-school pupils from the Malopolska region of Poland. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig., 64(2):129-134
27 Harris WS, Held SJ, Dujovne CA. 1995. Comparison of two scoring systems used to monitor diets in outpatient clinical trials. J. Cardiovasc. risk, 2(4):359-365   DOI
28 Jackson LW, 2013. The most important meal of the day: why children skip breakfast and what can be done about it. Pediatr. Ann., 42(9):184-187   DOI
29 Jeon BJ, 1974. Self-esteem. A test of its measurability. Yonsei Journal, 11(1):107-129
30 Jones JF, Nisenbaum R, Solomon L, Reyes M, Reeves WC, 2004. Chronic fatigue syndrome and other fatiguing illnesses in adolescents: a population-based study. J. Adolesc. Health, 35(1):34-40   DOI
31 Kim HY, Frongillo EA, Han SS, Oh SY, Kim WK, Jang YA, Won HS, Lee HS, Kim SH, 2003. Academic performance of Korean children is associated with dietary behaviours and physical status. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 12(2):186-192
32 Lee HS, 2013. Effect of Self-differentiation and Self-esteem on School Adjustment among Adolescents. J. Korea Contents Assoc., 13(1):333-341   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Kim JA, Kim IK, 2012. A study on self-regulated learning, attentional control, and fatigue related to breakfast characteristics of university students. J. Korean Public Health Nurs., 26(3):465-477   과학기술학회마을   DOI
34 Kim JS, Lee SA, Kim MS, 2006. Effects of stretching on fatigue and concentration in high school students. J. Korean Acad. Child Health Nurs., 12(2):196-203
35 Kral TVE, Whiteford LM, Heo MS, Faith MS, 2011. Effects of eating breakfast compared with skipping breakfast on ratings of appetite and intake at subsequent meals in 8- to 10-y-old children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 93(2):284-291   DOI
36 Lee SY, Kim YJ, 2000, Factors associated with fatigue in middle-aged male workers. J. Korean Acad. Fam. Med., 21(10):1277-1287
37 Merten MJ, Williams AL, Shriver LH, 2009. Breakfast consumption in adolescence and young adulthood: parental presence, community context, and obesity. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 109(8):1384-1391   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Nicklas TA, Bao W, Webber LS, Berenson GS, 1993. Breakfast consumption affects adequacy of total daily intake in children. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 93(8):886-891   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Pereira MA, Erickson E, McKee P, Schrankler K, Raatz SK, Lytle LA, Pellegrini AD, 2011. Breakfast frequency and quality may affect glycemia and appetite in adults and children. J. Nutr., 141(1):163-168   DOI   ScienceOn