Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2011.40.5.696

Effects of Fermented Red Ginseng Supplementation on Blood Glucose and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetic Patients  

Kim, Hey-Ok (Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University)
Park, Min-Jung (Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University)
Han, Ji-Sook (Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition / v.40, no.5, 2011 , pp. 696-703 More about this Journal
Abstract
We performed a randomized placebo-controlled trial to determine whether or not fermented red ginseng supplementation modulates blood glucose and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. A total of 38 patients were randomized to either a fermented red ginseng group or placebo group. The patients in the experimental or placebo group consumed 780 mg of fermented red ginseng or cellulose supplement per day for 12 weeks, respectively. Lifestyle factors and dietary intakes of the patients were not altered during the 12-weeks period. In the fermented red ginseng group after 12 weeks, the fasting blood glucose levels were significantly decreased ($136.29{\pm}16.45$ mg/dL to $127.71{\pm}17.74$ mg/dL) and $HbA_1c$ was also decreased. Especially, high HbA1c (HbA1c $\geq$8%, $8.45{\pm}0.56%$ to $7.82{\pm}0.53%$) was significantly decreased compared to low HbA1c (HbA1c <8%, $6.71{\pm}0.85%$ to $6.44{\pm}0.49%$) in the fermented red ginseng group. Serum low-density lipoprotein was slightly decreased in the fermented red ginseng group compared to the placebo group. Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance was significantly reduced in the fermented red ginseng group compared to the placebo group. These results suggest that fermented red ginseng supplementation could be helpful to reduce blood glucose by improving insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients.
Keywords
fermented red ginseng; type 2 diabetic patients; blood glucose; HbA1c; insulin resistance;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 10  (Citation Analysis)
Times Cited By SCOPUS : 0
연도 인용수 순위
1 Remsberg KE, Talbott EO, Zborowski JV, Evans RW, McHugh-Pemu K. 2002. Evidence for competing effects of body mass, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and androgens on leptin levels among lean, overweight, and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 78: 479-486.   DOI
2 Kang JM, Lee WY, Kim JY, Yun JW, Kim SW. 2002. Relationship between C-peptide, metabolic control and chronic complications in type 2 diabetes. Korean Diabetes J 26: 490-499.
3 Isomaa B. 2003. A major health hazard: the metabolic syndrome. Life Sci 73: 2395-2411.   DOI
4 Beck-Nielsen H. 1999. General characteristics of the insulin resistance syndrome: prevalence and heritability. European Group for the study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Drugs 58 (Suppl. I: 7-10); discussion 75-82.
5 Rhee SY, Chon S, Oh S, Kim SW, Kim JW, Kim YS, Woo JT. 2007. Insulin secretion and insulin resistance in newly diagnosed, drug naive prediabetes and type 2 diabetes patients with/without metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 76: 397-403.   DOI
6 Qu X, Pan X, Weidner J, Yu W, Alonzi D, Xu X, Butters T, Block T, Guo JT, Chang J. 2011. Inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum {alpha}-glucosidases potently suppress hepatitis C virus virion assembly and release. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55: 1036-1044.   DOI
7 Singh N, Rana SV. 2009. Effect of insulin on arsenic toxicity in diabetic rats-liver function studies. Biol Trace Elem Res 132: 215-226.   DOI
8 Kim HS, Lee JH, Park EJ, Yoon JY, Kim JM, Lim HS, Lee HC, Huh KB. 1994. Effect of enteral nutrition supplementation on glucose metabolism in patients with NIDDM. Korean J Nutr 27: 805-818.   과학기술학회마을
9 Seoul Medical Science Institute. 2005. SCL examination guidebook.
10 Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. 1972. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18: 499-502.
11 Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Tuner RC. 1985. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28: 412-419.   DOI
12 Buckingham KW. 1985. Effect of dietary polyunsaturated/ saturated fatty acid ratio and dietary vitamin E on lipid peroxidation in the rat. J Nutr 115: 1425-1435.
13 The Korean Nutrition Society. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans.
14 Lee KH. 2010. A comparative study on obesity judgment criteria in the frequently used obesity indices. The Res J Costume Culture 18: 93-108.
15 Cho NH. 2005. Prevalence of diabetes and management status in Korean population. Kor J Medicine 68: 1-3.   과학기술학회마을
16 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2008. Ministry for Health and Welfare, Korea.
17 Ng TB, Yeung HW, Lee HB. 1985. Hypoglycemic constituents of Panax ginseng. Gen Pharmacol 16: 549-552.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Lee HA, Kwon SO. 1997. Hypoglycemic action of components from red ginseng: (I) Investigation of the effect of ginsenosides from red ginseng on enzymes related to glucose metabolism in cultured rat hepatocytes. Korean J Ginseng Sci 21: 174-186.   과학기술학회마을
19 Takagi H, Umemoto T. 2011. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol- independent effects of statins on coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 107: 336-343.
20 Choi JE, Han JS, Kang SJ, Kim KH, Kim KH, Yook HS. 2010. Saponin contents and physicochemical properties of red ginseng extract pouch products collected from ginseng markets in Korea. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 39: 1660-1665.   과학기술학회마을   DOI
21 Shin YS. 2010. Comparisons of ginsenosides and anti-inflammatory effects of white ginseng and puffed red ginseng. Korean J Food Sci 26: 475-480.   과학기술학회마을
22 Yokozawa, KobaYashi T, Oura H, Kawashima Y. 1985. Studies on the mechanism of the hypoglycemic activity of ginsenoside-$Rb_2$ in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 33: 869-872.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Sanata S, Kondo N, Shoji J, Tanaka O, Shibata S. 1974. Studies on the saponins of ginseng. I. Structure of ginsenoside- $R_0$, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc and Rd. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 22: 421-428.   DOI
24 Kitagawa I, Taniyama T, Shibuya H, Nota T, Yoshikawa M. 1987. Chemical studies on crude drug processing. V. On the constituents of ginseng radix ruba (2): Comparison of the constituents of white ginseng and red ginseng prepared from the same Panax ginseng root. Yakugaku Zasshi 107: 495-505.   DOI
25 Kimura M, Waki L, Chujo T, Kikuchi T, Hiyama C, Yamazaki K, Tanaka O. 1981. Effects of hypoglycemic components in ginseng radix on blood insulin level in alloxan diabetic mice and on insulin release from perfused rat pancreas. J Pharm Dyn 4: 410-417.   DOI
26 Kim CM, Han GS. 1985. Radioprotective effects of ginseng proteins. Yakhak Hoeji 29: 246-252.   과학기술학회마을
27 Park SJ, Kim DH, Kim SS. 2006. Preparation and quality characteristics of the fermentation product of ginseng by lactic acid bacteria (FGL). J Ginseng Res 30: 88-94.   과학기술학회마을   DOI
28 Je JH. 2007. Antidiabetic and oxidative stress relieving effects of fermented red ginseng. MS Thesis. Pusan National University, Busan, Korea.
29 Grover JK, Vats V, Rathi SS. 2000. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of Eugenia jambolana and Tinospora cordifolia in experimental diabetes and their effects on key metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. J Ethnopharmacol 73: 461-470.   DOI
30 Vuksan V, Sung MK, Sievenpiper JL, Stavro PM, Jenkins AL, Di Buono M, Lee KS, Leiter LA, Nam KY, Arnason JT, Choi M, Naeem A. 2006. Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) improves glucose and insulin regulation in wellcontrolled, type 2 diabetes: Results of a randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 18: 46-56.
31 Sievenpiper JL, Sung MK, Buono MD, Lee KS, Nam KY, Arnason JT, Leiter LA, Vuksan V. 2006. Korean red ginseng rootlets decrease acute postprandial glycemia: Results from sequential preparation- and dose-finding studies. J Am Coll Nutr 25: 100-107.   DOI
32 Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Koo VY, Francis T, Beljan- Zdravkovic U, Xu Z, Vidgen E. 2000. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 160: 1009-1013.   DOI
33 Vuksan V, Stavro MP, Sievenpiper JL, Koo VY, Wong E, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Francis T, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, Josse RG, Xu Z. 2000. American ginseng improves glycemia in individuals with normal glucose tolerance: effect of dose and time escalation. J Am Coll Nutr 19: 738-744.   DOI
34 Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Wong J, Xu Z, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Arnason JT, Assinewe V, Stavro MP, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, Francis T. 2001. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) attenuates postprandial glycemia in a time-dependent but not dose-dependent manner in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 73: 753-758.
35 Kim DJ, Seong KS, Kim DW, Ko SR, Chang CC. 2004. Antioxidative effects of red ginseng saponins on paraquat- induced oxidative stress. J Ginseng Res 28: 5-10.   과학기술학회마을   DOI
36 Melander A, Lebovitz HE, Faber OK. 1990. Sulfonylureas. Why, which, and how? Diabetes Care 13: 18-25.
37 Van de Laar FA. 2008. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in the early treatment of type 2 diabetes. Vasc Health Risk Manag 4: 1189-1195.   DOI
38 Hillebrand I, Boehme K, Frank G, Fink H, Berchtold P. 1979. The effects of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor BAY g 5421 (Acarbose) on meal-stimulated elevations of circulating glucose, insulin and triglyceride levels in man. Res Exp Med 175: 81-86.   DOI
39 Fonteles MC, Huang LC, Larner J. 1996. Infusion of pH 2.0 D-chiro-inositol glycan insulin putative mediator normalizes plasma glucose in streptozotocin diabetic rats at a dose equivalent to insulin without inducing hypoglycaemia. Diabetologia 39: 731-734.   DOI