Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2006.35.8.1010

Effect of Mixture of p-Phenylenediamine with Hydrogen Peroxide to Rat Skin  

Lee, Sang-Hee (Dept. of Beauty Design, Kyongdo Provincial College)
Lee, Sang-Il (Dept. of Food Nutrition & Cookery, Keimyung College)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition / v.35, no.8, 2006 , pp. 1010-1015 More about this Journal
Abstract
p-Pheylenediamimine (PPD) is one of hair dye's ingredients, and the mixture of PPD with hydrogen peroxide is generally used to dye hair at beauty shop. This study is conducted to investigate the effect of oxidized PPD on rat skin. 6% hydrogen peroxide, PPD (5% PPD in 2% $NH_4OH$) or the mixture (isovolumed mixture of 5% PPD and 6% hydrogen peroxide in 2% $NH_4OH$) was applied to rat skin ($25\;mg/16.5\;cm^2$) five times every other day. The activity of acid phosphatase (ACP) was more increased in the mixture of PPD with hydrogen peroxide applied group than PPD applied group. Furthermore, the activity of glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) in the mixture of PPD with hydrogen peroxide applied group showed higher decreasing rate than that of PPD applied group. In histopathological findings, the mixed PPD with hydrogen peroxide applied group showed more thickening of epithelium, increased numbers of dermal fibroblasts, and the dilatation of dermal capillaries than PPD applied group. The significant increasing of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity was determined in mixture of PPD with hydrogen peroxide applied group compared with PPD applied group. However, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were more significantly decreased in mixed PPD with hydrogen peroxide applied groups than in PPD applied group. In conclusion, topical application with the mixture of PPD with hydrogen peroxide compared with PPD application resulted in imbalance with ROS generating and scavenging which probably led to severe skin injury.
Keywords
hydrogen peroxide; p-phenylenediamine; rat skin; reactive oxygen species (ROS);
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Hawley GG. 1971. The condensed chemical dictionary. 8th ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
2 Watanabe T, Hirayama T, Fukui S. 1990. Mutagenicity of commercial hair dyes and detection of 2,7-diaminophenazine. Mutat Res 244: 303-308   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Ryu JI, Yoon CG, Shin JK. 1999. Effect of circadian rhythms on the toluene metabolism in rats. Kor J Biomed Lab Sci 5: 67-74
4 Wakasugi JW, Katami K, Ikeda T, Tomikawa M. 1985, Action of malotilate on reduced serum cholesterol level in rats with carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage. J Pharmacol 38: 391-401
5 Ezio T, Bruno L, Claudio S, Giovanni C. 1980. Xanthine oxidase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages inmice in three pathological situations. Biochem Pharmacol 1: 1945-1948
6 Manea A, Constantinescu E, Popov D, Raicu M. 2004. Changes in oxidative balance in rat pericytes exposed to diabetic conditions. J Cell Mol Med 81: 117-126
7 Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Bastard JP, Jaudon MC, Delattre J. 2000. Consequences of the diabetic status on the oxidant/antioxidant balance. Diabetes Metab 26: 163-176
8 Yildirim M, Baysal V, Inaloz HS, Kesici D, Delibas N. 2003. The role of oxidants and antioxidants in generalized vitiligo. J Dermatol 30: 104-108   DOI
9 Parks DA, Granger D. 1986. Xanthine oxidase: biochemistry, distribution and physiology. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 548: 87-99
10 Manson PN, Anthenelli RM, Im MJ, Bulkely GB, Hoopes JE. 1983. The role of oxygen free radicals in ischemic tissue injury in island skin flaps. Ann Surgery 198: 87-90   DOI
11 Hasumura Y, Tescke R, Lieber CS. 1974. Increased carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity, and its metabolism after chronic ethanol consumption. Gastroenterology 66: 415- 422
12 Fiske CH, Subbarowand Y. 1925. The colorimetric determination of phosphorous. J Biol Chem 66: 375-400
13 Yoon JG. 1984. A modified colorimetric assay for xanthine oxidase in rat liver extracts. Keimyung College Res 2: 295-308
14 Aebi H. 1974. Catalase. In Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. Academic Press, New York. Vol 2, p 673-684
15 Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. 1974. Glutathione S-transferase: The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid and formation. J Biol Chem 249: 7130-7139
16 Choi HJ, Lee SH, Yoon CG. 2003. Effct of p-phenylenediamine application to rat skin on the liver oxygen free radical systems. J Biomed Lab Sci 9: 75-84
17 Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193: 265-275
18 Schefler WC. 1980. Statistics for the Biological Sciences. Addison-Wesley, London
19 Miyagawa T, Doi F. 1979. Multiple forms and glycoprotein nature of acid phosphatase, alpha-frucosidase and alpha-mannosidase of psoriatic scates. Invest Dermatol 73:554-557   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Tatrai E, Ungvary G, Adamis Z, Timar M. 1985. Short term in vivo method for prediction of the fibrogenic effect of different mineral dusts. Exp Pathol 28: 111-118   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Corbett JF. 1973. Role of m-difunctional benzene derivatives in oxidative hair dyeing, I. Reaction with p- diamines. J Soc Cosmet Chem 24: 103-134
22 Zelko IN, Mariani TJ, Folz RJ. 2002. Superoxide dismutase multigene family: a comparison of the CuZn-SOD (SOD1), Mn-SOD (SOD2), and EC-SOD (SOD3) gene structures, evolution, and expression. Free Radic Biol Med 33: 337- 349   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Gaetani GF, Kirkman HN, Mangerini R, Ferraris AM. 1994. Importance of catalase in the disposal of hydrogen peroxide within human erythrocytes. Blood 84: 325-330
24 Jakoby WB. 1978. The glutathione S-transferases: A group of multifunctional detoxication proteins. Adv Enzymol 46: 383-414
25 Tsuchida S, Sato K. 1992. Glutathione transferases and cancer. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 27: 337-384   DOI
26 Talalay P, Fahey JW, Holtzclaw WD, Prestera T, Zhang Y. 1995. Chemoprotection against cancer by phase 2 enzyme induction. Toxicol Lett 82-83: 173-179   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Goldberg BG, Herman FF, Hirata I. 1987. Systemic anaphylaxis due to an oxidation product of p-phenylenediamine in a hair dye. Ann Allergy 58: 205-208
28 Bessey OA, Lowry OH, Brock J. 1946. A method for the rapid determination of alkaline phosphatase with 5 cubic millimeters of serum. J Biol Chem 164: 321-329
29 Karnik AB, Thakore KN, Nigam SK, Babu KA, Lakkad BC, Bhatt DK, Kashyap SK, Chatterjee SK. 1981. Studies on glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activity, glycogen distribution and endoplasmic reticulum changes during hexachlorocyclohexane induced hepatocarcinogenesis in pure inbred Swiss mice. Neoplasma 28: 575-584
30 Im MJ, Manson PN, Bulkey GB, Hoopes JE. 1985. Effects of superoxide dismutase and allopurinol in survival of acute island skin flaps. Ann Surgery 201: 357-359   DOI
31 Sax NI. 1984. Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 6th ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
32 Kurban RS, Mihm MC. 1992. Cutaneous reaction patterns and the use of specialized laboratory techniques. In Dermatolo. WB Saunders, New York
33 Okayama Y. 2005. Oxidative stress in allergic and inflammatory skin diseases. Curr Drug Targets Inflam Allergy 4: 517-519   DOI
34 Hayes JD, Pulford DJ. 1995. The glutathione S-transferase supergene family: regulation of GST and the contribution of the isoenzymes to cancer chemoprotection and drug resistance. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 30: 445-600   DOI
35 Rojanapo W, Kupradinun P, Tepsuwan A, Chutimataewin S, Tanyakaset M. 1986. Carcinogenicity of an oxidation product of p-phenylenediamine. Carcinogenesis 7: 1997- 2002   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Sampson JB, Beckman JS. 2001. Hydrogen peroxide damages the zinc-binding site of zinc-deficient Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase. Arch Biochem Biophysiol 392: 8-13   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Frank L. 1991. Developmental aspects of experimental pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 11: 463-494   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Whittle BJ, Steel G. 1985. Evaluation of the protection of rat gastric mucosa by a prostaglandin analogue using cellular enzyme marker and histologic techniques. Gastroenterology 88: 315-327   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Shin TS, Deung YK, Kim SS. 1976. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity and ultrastructures in hepatocytes of thioacetamide-treated mice. Yonsei Medical J 17: 85-96   DOI
40 Hasushi Y, Teschke R, Lieber CS. 1974. Increased carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity, and its mechanism, after chronic ethanol consumption. Gastroenterology 66: 415- 422
41 Martin JP, Dailey JM, Sugarmanand E. 1987. Negative and positive assays of superoxide dismutase based on hematoxylin autoxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 255: 329-336   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Fisher AA. 1980. Is hair dyed with papa-phenylenediamine allergenic? Contact Dermatitis 6: 266-301
43 Lee SH, Cho HG, Lee SI. 2005. Effect of p-phenylenediamine to rat skin. J Biomed Lab Sci 34: 1330-1335   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn