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http://dx.doi.org/10.13103/JFHS.2020.35.5.411

Yessotoxins: Causative Organisms and Seafood Contaminations  

Kim, Mungi (Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University)
Baek, Seung Ho (Ecological Risk Research Department, South Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology)
Hong, Seongjin (Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety / v.35, no.5, 2020 , pp. 411-418 More about this Journal
Abstract
In this study, we reviewed a group of marine biotoxins, namely yessotoxins (YTXs), focusing on their causative organisms, contaminated shellfish, domestic and foreign management status, and analytical methods. Although YTXs have not yet been reported in any cases of seafood contamination in South Korea, it is necessary to implement preemptive measures through continuous monitoring because there is a potential risk, due to the introduction of toxic microalgae associated with climate changes and the introduction of contaminated seafood from various countries. YTXs are produced by dinoflagellates, such as Protecratium reticulatum, Gonyaulax polygramma, Gonyaulax spinifera, and Lingulodinium polyedrum, all of which are species found along Korea's coastal areas. Analysis of YTXs in shellfish samples is mainly performed by use of LC-MS/MS after methanol extraction and SPE cartridge clean-up (HLB or strata-X). In the case of lipophilic marine biotoxins, including YTXs, pectenotoxins, and azaspiracids, the extraction and purification procedures are similar. Thus, it seems that the simultaneous analysis of several lipophilic marine biotoxins in shellfish samples is possible, and optimization is necessary. In addition, continuous monitoring studies on causative marine microalgae for YTXs in Korean coastal waters and contaminations in domestic and imported seafood are needed.
Keywords
Marine biotoxins; Yessotoxins; Dinoflagellates; Shellfish poison; LC-MS;
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