Change of Harmful Micnoorganisms in Pickling Process of Salted Cabbage According to Salting and Washing Conditions

Salted Cabbage products purchased from different companies at 4 different districts in South Korea were detected in this study. Cabbage and salt are the main materials for kimchi manufacture. The results of general bacteria contaminated in the samples were $1.4{\times}10^5$, $6.4{\times}10^5$, $1.7{\times}10^7$, $3.6{\times}10^7$ CFU/g in cabbage and $2.7{\times}10^3$ CFU/g in salt, respectively. The results of coliforms were detected as $2.4{\times}10^4$ CFU/g, and there was no Escherichia coli in any sample. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in cabbage as $9.9{\times}10^2$, $8.0{\times}10^1$, and $3.0{\times}10^3$ CFU/g, Bacillus cereus was also found in cabbage as $4.1{\times}10^3$ and $1.0{\times}10^1$ CFU/g. The results of Campylobacter jejuni and Vibrio paraheamolyticus were $2.4{\times}10^6$ and $1.0{\times}10^4$ CFU/g in cabbage, respectively. $1.0{\times}10^3$ CFU/g for Yersinia enterocolitica was determined in salt. In case of Listeria monocytogenes, the results were $1.5{\times}10^1$, $1.1{\times}10^2$, and $4.5{\times}10^1$ CFU/g in cabbage. Total batcteria ranged from $1.4{\times}10^1$ to $4.4{\times}10^5$ CFU/g were detected in salting solution, from $1.5{\times}10^4$ to $1.2{\times}10^8$ CFU/g in dehydrated salted-cabbage, from $9.4{\times}10^4{\sim}1.3{\times}10^8$ CFU/g in minced salted-cabbage. The results of E. coli in samples from different companies were different from one to anther. The results of the contamination of S. aureus and B. cereus showed positive in salting solution and dehydrated salted-cabbage at a portion of companies. V. paraheamolyticus was detected in salting solution. The contamination of Y. enterocolitica ranged from $9.5{\times}10^2$ to $1.8{\times}10^3$ CFU/g in salting solution, from $1.7{\times}10^1$ to $2.7{\times}10^2$ CFU/g in dehydrated salted-cabbage, from $1.2{\times}10^2$ to $1.3{\times}10^8$ CFU/g in minced salted-cabbage. The contamination of L. monocytogenes ranged from $8.0{\times}10^2$ to $1.7{\times}10^4$ CFU/g in salting solution, from $2.8{\times}10^2$ to $1.2{\times}10^4$ CFU/g in dehydrated salted-cabbage. During the manufacture processing of Kim chi, microorganisms were detected in cabbages salted in different concentrations of salt solution at 8%, 10%, 12% and 15% for 5-20 hours. As the results, $3.5{\times}10^5-1.7{\times}10^6$, $3.4{\times}10^5-2.5{\times}10^6$, $5.4{\times}10^5-2.3{\times}10^6$, $4.0{\times}10^5-2.3{\times}10^6$ CFU/g were detected for E. coli in samples at different treatment conditions. $1.9{\times}10^4-4.1{\times}10^4$, $4.1{\times}10^3-2.8{\times}10^4$, $1.5{\times}10^3-7.8{\times}10^3$, $2.2{\times}10^4-6.6{\times}10^4$ CFU/g were detected for S. aureus in samples at different treatment conditions. Salmonella typhimurium was detected in salted cabbage with various salt concentration after salting for 5 hrs, the result ranged from $2.5{\times}10^5$ to $3.8{\times}10^6$ CFU/g, and change of microorganism was the smallest in salted cabbage under the concentration of salting solution at 10% for 15 hours. The cabbage salted in 10% salting solution for 15 hours were washed with water for 2 and 3 times, with chlorine for 3 times, and with acetic acid for 3 times. E. coli was detected in the samples washed with water for 2 and 3 times, washed with chlorine for 3 times. The contamination of S. aureus was $3.0{\times}10^5$ CFU/g in the samples washed with water for 2 times, $5.6{\times}10^3$ CFU/g in the samples washed with acetic acid for 3 times, $3.6{\times}10^5$ CFU/g in the samples washed with water for 3 times and same amount in the samples washed with chlorine for 3 times. According to the results, the contamination of S. aureus was $5.6{\times}10^3$ CFU/g lower in samples washed with chlorine and acetic acid than that in samples washed with water. In case of S. typhimurium, it has been detected in samples washed with water and chlorine, $3.0{\times}10^1$ CFU/g as the lowest concentration among all the samples was measured in the samples washed with acetic acid for 3 times.

배추김치의 절임공정 조건에 따른 위해미생물 변화

김치제조업체 4곳의 배추와 소금에 대한 일반세균을 분석결과 $1.4{\times}10^5$, $6.4{\times}10^5$, $1.7{\times}10^7$, $3.6{\times}10^7$ CFU/g 와 $2.7{\times}10^3$ CFU/g로 검출 되었으며, 대장균군은 배추에서 $2.4{\times}10^4$ CFU/g검출되었고, E. coli은 검출되지 않았다. S. aureus은 배추에서 $9.9{\times}10^2$, $8.0{\times}10^1$, $3.0{\times}10^3$ CFU/g이 검출되었고, B. cereus도 배추에서$4.1{\times}10^3$, $1.0{\times}10^1$ CFU/g 이 검출 되었다. C. jejuni, V. paraheamolyticus는 배추에서 $2.4{\times}10^6$, $1.0{\times}10^4$ CFU/g로 검출되었고, Y. enterocolitica는 소금에서 $1.0{\times}10^3$ CFU/g 으로 검출되었으며, L. monocytogenes는 배추에서 $1.5{\times}10^1$, $1.1{\times}10^2$, $4.5{\times}10^1$ CFU/g 로 검출되었다. 제조공정별 일반생균수는 절임용 소금물의 경우 $1.4{\times}10^1{\sim}4.4{\times}10^5$ CFU/g이 검출되었고, 탈수 절임배추는 $1.5{\times}10^4{\sim}1.2{\times}10^8$ CFU/g이 검출되었으며, 세절 절임배추의 경우 $9.4{\times}10^4{\sim}1.3{\times}10^8$ CFU/g이 검출되었다. E. coli은 업체에 따라 시료에 대해 검출되는 양상이 달랐다. S. aureus와 B. cereus은 일부 업체의 절임용 소금물과 탈수 절임배추에서 양성으로 검출되었다. V parahaemolyticus는 절임 소금물에서 검출되었다. Y. enterocolitica는 절임용 소금물 $9.5{\times}10^2{\sim}1.8{\times}10^3$ CFU/g, 탈수 절임배추 $1.7{\times}10^1{\sim}2.7{\times}10^2$ CFU/g, 세절 절임배추 $1.2{\times}10^2{\sim}1.3{\times}10^8$ CFU/g이 검출되었다. L. monocytogenes는 절임용 소금물 $8.0{\times}10^2{\sim}1.7{\times}10^4$, 탈수 절임배추 $2.8{\times}10^2{\sim}1.2{\times}10^4$ CFU/g, 세절 절임배추는 검출되지 않았다. 절임공정 조건으로 염수농도 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%와 배 추를 5~20hr 동안 절인배추의 위해 미생물을 측정한 결과는 E. coli은 $3.5{\times}10^5{\sim}1.7{\times}10^6$, $3.4{\times}10^5{\sim}2.5{\times}10^6$, $5.4{\times}10^5{\sim}2.3{\times}10^6$, $4.0{\times}10^5{\sim}2.3{\times}10^6$ CFU/g로 검출되었고, S. aureus은 $1.9{\times}10^4{\sim}4.1{\times}10^4$, $4.1{\times}10^3{\sim}2.8{\times}10^4$, $1.5{\times}10^3{\sim}7.8{\times}10^3$, $2.2{\times}10^4{\sim}6.6{\times}10^4$ CFU/g으로 검출되었다. S. typhimurium은 염수의 5 hr 절인 배추에서만 $2.5{\times}10^5{\sim}3.8{\times}10^6$ CFU/g이 검출되어 10%염수에 15 hr 절인배추가 미생 물 오염 변화가 가장 적었다. 10%염수에 15 hr 절인배추를 세척방법을 달리한 물 2, 3회 세척, 염소 3회 세척, acetic acid 3회 세척 시 E. coli은 물 3회 세척, 염소 3회 세척, 물 2회 세척 순으로 검출 되었으며 acetic acid 3회 세척에서 는 검출되지 않았다. S. aureus은 물 2회 세척에서 $3.0{\times}10^5$, 물 3회 세척과 염소 3회 세척은 $3.6{\times}10^5$ CFU/g으로 검출 되었고, acetic acid 3회 세척은 $5.6{\times}10^3$, $5.6{\times}10^3$ CFU/g로 물보다는 염소와 acetic acid에서 비교적 작게 검출되었다. S. typhimurium은 acetic acid 3회 세척에서 $3.0{\times}10^1$ CFU/g 로 가장 낮게 검출되었다.