Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.6117/kmeps.2021.28.2.013

Transient Electronics and Biodegradable Encapsulation Technologies  

Moon, Joon Min (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University)
Kang, Seung-Kyun (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society / v.28, no.2, 2021 , pp. 13-28 More about this Journal
Abstract
Since transient electronic devices can operate under harsh conditions such as electrolytic solutions or inside the body, and be removed by hydrolysis after operation, they can replace conventional electronic devices in various research areas like biomedical implantable devices. Moreover, transient electronic devices that can dissolve in water and enzymes are the focus of the new concept of green technology, which can solve electrical waste issues. However, the surroundings of transient electronic devices can deteriorate internal device components. Thus, an encapsulation strategy is introduced for stable operation in solution by shielding the outside of a device with a passive barrier. This article summarizes recent research trends in transient electronic devices, including their background, dissolution behavior, and encapsulation strategies to enhance reliability by blocking water permeation.
Keywords
Transient electronics; Bioresorbable electronics; Ecofriendly electronics; Electronic encapsulation; Device reliability;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Z. Zou, C. Zhu, Y. Li, X. Lei, W. Zhang and J. Xiao, "Rehealable, fully recyclable, and malleable electronic skin enabled by dynamic covalent thermoset nanocomposite", Sci. Adv., 4(2), eaaq0508 (2018).   DOI
2 M. Chiang and T. Zhang, "Fog and IoT: An Overview of Research Opportunities", IEEE Internet Things J., 3(6), 854 (2016).   DOI
3 D. H. Lee, C. H. Kim, J. Youn and J. Jeong, "Evaluation methods for long-term reliability of polymer-based implantable biomedical devices", Biomed. Eng. Lett., (2021).
4 C. M. Boutry, H. Chandrahalim, P. Streit, M. Schinhammer, A. C. Hanzi and C. Hierold, "Towards biodegradable wireless implants", Philos. Trans. A. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 370(1967), 2418 (2012).
5 G. V. Vajramani, G. Jones, R. Bayston and W. P. Gray, "Persistent and intractable ventriculitis due to retained ventricular catheters", Br. J. Neurosurg., 19(6), 496 (2005).   DOI
6 H. Tao, S. W. Hwang, B. Marelli, B. An, J. E. Moreau, M. Yang, M. A. Brenckle, S. Kim, D. L. Kaplan, J. A. Rogers and F. G. Omenetto, "Silk-based resorbable electronic devices for remotely controlled therapy and in vivo infection abatement", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 111(49), 17385 (2014).   DOI
7 N. Carney, A. M. Totten, C. O'Reilly, J. S. Ullman, G. W. Hawryluk, M. J. Bell, S. L. Bratton, R. Chesnut, O. A. Harris, N. Kissoon, A. M. Rubiano, L. Shutter, R. C. Tasker, M. S. Vavilala, J. Wilberger, D. W. Wright and J. Ghajar, "Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Fourth Edition", Neurosurgery, 80(1), 6 (2017).   DOI
8 E. Niedermeyer, F. H. Lopes da Silva, Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields, 5th Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2005)
9 L. Yin, A. B. Farimani, K. Min, N. Vishal, J. Lam, Y. K. Lee, N. R. Aluru and J. A. Rogers, "Mechanisms for hydrolysis of silicon nanomembranes as used in bioresorbable electronics", Adv. Mater., 27(11), 1857 (2015).   DOI
10 Y. K. Lee, K. J. Yu, E. Song, A. Barati Farimani, F. Vitale, Z. Xie, Y. Yoon, Y. Kim, A. Richardson, H. Luan, Y. Wu, X. Xie, T. H. Lucas, K. Crawford, Y. Mei, X. Feng, Y. Huang, B. Litt, N. R. Aluru, L. Yin and J. A. Rogers, "Dissolution of Monocrystalline Silicon Nanomembranes and Their Use as Encapsulation Layers and Electrical Interfaces in Water-Soluble Electronics", ACS Nano, 11(12), 12562 (2017).   DOI
11 X. Yu, Z. Xie, Y. Yu, J. Lee, A. Vazquez-Guardado, H. Luan, J. Ruban, X. Ning, A. Akhtar, D. Li, B. Ji, Y. Liu, R. Sun, J. Cao, Q. Huo, Y. Zhong, C. Lee, S. Kim, P. Gutruf, C. Zhang, Y. Xue, Q. Guo, A. Chempakasseril, P. Tian, W. Lu, J. Jeong, Y. Yu, J. Cornman, C. Tan, B. Kim, K. Lee, X. Feng, Y. Huang and J. A. Rogers, "Skin-integrated wireless haptic interfaces for virtual and augmented reality", Nature, 575 (7783), 473 (2019).   DOI
12 O. Fruhwirth, G. W. Herzog, I. Hollerer and A. Rachetti, "Dissolution and hydration kinetics of MgO", Surf. Technol., 24(3), 301 (1985).   DOI
13 S. K. Kang, R. K. Murphy, S. W. Hwang, S. M. Lee, D. V. Harburg, N. A. Krueger, J. Shin, P. Gamble, H. Cheng, S. Yu, Z. Liu, J. G. McCall, M. Stephen, H. Ying, J. Kim, G. Park, R. C. Webb, C. H. Lee, S. Chung, D. S. Wie, A. D. Gujar, B. Vemulapalli, A. H. Kim, K. M. Lee, J. Cheng, Y. Huang, S. H. Lee, P. V. Braun, W. Z. Ray and J. A. Rogers, "Bioresorbable silicon electronic sensors for the brain", Nature, 530(7588), 71 (2016).   DOI
14 I. Lee and K. Lee, "The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises", Bus. Horiz., 58(4), 431 (2015).   DOI
15 J. Hu, P. Bhowmick, F. Arvin, A. Lanzon and B. Lennox, "Cooperative Control of Heterogeneous Connected Vehicle Platoons: An Adaptive Leader-Following Approach", IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett., 5(2), 977 (2020).   DOI
16 W. Worley, "Dissolution kinetics and mechanisms in quartzand grainite-water systems," in Ph.D. Thesis, pp 9-231, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts (1994).
17 S. J. Sofia, V. Premnath and E. W. Merrill, "Poly(ethylene oxide) Grafted to Silicon Surfaces: Grafting Density and Protein Adsorption", Macromolecules, 31(15), 5059 (1998).   DOI
18 P. M. Dove, N. Han and J. J. De Yoreo, "Mechanisms of classical crystal growth theory explain quartz and silicate dissolution behavior", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 102(43), 15357 (2005).   DOI
19 H. Seidel, L. Csepregi, A. Heuberger and H. Baumgartel, "Anisotropic Etching of Crystalline Silicon in Alkaline Solutions: I. Orientation Dependence and Behavior of Passivation Layers", J. Electrochem. Soc., 137(11), 3612 (1990).   DOI
20 W. C. Stacey and B. Litt, "Technology insight: neuroengineering and epilepsy-designing devices for seizure control", Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol., 4(4), 190 (2008).   DOI
21 R. Saha, N. Jackson, C. Patel and J. Muthuswamy, "Highly doped polycrystalline silicon microelectrodes reduce noise in neuronal recordings in vivo", IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng., 18(5), 489 (2010).   DOI
22 S. K. Kang, S.-W. Hwang, H. Cheng, S. Yu, B. H. Kim, J. H. Kim, Y. Huang and J. A. Rogers, "Dissolution Behaviors and Applications of Silicon Oxides and Nitrides in Transient Electronics", Adv. Funct. Mater., 24(28), 4427 (2014).   DOI
23 Y. S. Choi, Y. Y. Hsueh, J. Koo, Q. Yang, R. Avila, B. Hu, Z. Xie, G. Lee, Z. Ning, C. Liu, Y. Xu, Y. J. Lee, W. Zhao, J. Fang, Y. Deng, S. M. Lee, A. Vazquez-Guardado, I. Stepien, Y. Yan, J. W. Song, C. Haney, Y. S. Oh, W. Liu, H. J. Yoon, A. Banks, M. R. MacEwan, G. A. Ameer, W. Z. Ray, Y. Huang, T. Xie, C. K. Franz, S. Li and J. A. Rogers, "Stretchable, dynamic covalent polymers for soft, long-lived bioresorbable electronic stimulators designed to facilitate neuromuscular regeneration", Nat. Commun., 11(1), 5990 (2020).   DOI
24 L. Wang, C. Lu, S. Yang, P. Sun, Y. Wang, Y. Guan, S. Liu, D. Cheng, H. Meng, Q. Wang, J. He, H. Hou, H. Li, W. Lu, Y. Zhao, J. Wang, Y. Zhu, Y. Li, D. Luo, T. Li, H. Chen, S. Wang, X. Sheng, W. Xiong, X. Wang, J. Peng and L. Yin, "A fully biodegradable and self-electrified device for neuroregenerative medicine", Sci. Adv., 6(50), eabc6686 (2020).   DOI
25 K. Veltri, J. M. Kwiecien, W. Minet, M. Fahnestock and J. R. Bain, "Contribution of the Distal Nerve Sheath to Nerve and Muscle Preservation Following Denervation and Sensory Protection", J Reconstr. Microsurg., 21(01), 57 (2005).   DOI
26 S. Y. Fu and T. Gordon, "The cellular and molecular basis of peripheral nerve regeneration", Mol. Neurobiol., 14(1), 67 (1997).   DOI
27 H. Zhang, "Reliability and lifetime prediction of LED drivers", 2017 14th China International Forum on Solid State Lighting: International Forum on Wide Bandgap Semiconductors China (SSLChina: IFWS) (2017).
28 J. Koo, S. B. Kim, Y. S. Choi, Z. Xie, A. J. Bandodkar, J. Khalifeh, Y. Yan, H. Kim, M. K. Pezhouh, K. Doty, G. Lee, Y.-Y. Chen, S. M. Lee, D. D'Andrea, K. Jung, K. Lee, K. Li, S. Jo, H. Wang, J.-H. Kim, J. Kim, S.-G. Choi, W. J. Jang, Y. S. Oh, I. Park, S. S. Kwak, J.-H. Park, D. Hong, X. Feng, C.-H. Lee, A. Banks, C. Leal, H. M. Lee, Y. Huang, C. K. Franz, W. Z. Ray, M. MacEwan, S.-K. Kang and J. A. Rogers, "Wirelessly controlled, bioresorbable drug delivery device with active valves that exploit electrochemically triggered crevice corrosion", Sci. Adv., 6(35), eabb1093 (2020).   DOI
29 M. F. Ceiler, P. A. Kohl and S. A. Bidstrup, "Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Dioxide Deposited at Low Temperatures", J. Electrochem. Soc., 142(6), 2067 (1995).   DOI
30 S. K. Kang, J. Koo, Y. K. Lee and J. A. Rogers, "Advanced Materials and Devices for Bioresorbable Electronics", Acc. Chem. Res., 51(5), 988 (2018).   DOI
31 K. J. Yu, D. Kuzum, S. W. Hwang, B. H. Kim, H. Juul, N. H. Kim, S. M. Won, K. Chiang, M. Trumpis, A. G. Richardson, H. Cheng, H. Fang, M. Thomson, H. Bink, D. Talos, K. J. Seo, H. N. Lee, S. K. Kang, J. H. Kim, J. Y. Lee, Y. Huang, F. E. Jensen, M. A. Dichter, T. H. Lucas, J. Viventi, B. Litt and J. A. Rogers, "Bioresorbable silicon electronics for transient spatiotemporal mapping of electrical activity from the cerebral cortex", Nat. Mater., 15(7), 782 (2016).   DOI
32 Y. C. Lin, Q. K. Le, L. W. Lai, R. M. Liao, M. S. Jeng and D. S. Liu, "Optimizing The Organic/Inorganic Barrier Structure For Flexible Plastic Substrate Encapsulation", Int. j. eng. innov. technol., 2 (2012).
33 J. Srinivasan, S. V. Adve, P. Bose and J. A. Rivers, "The case for lifetime reliability-aware microprocessors", Proceedings. 31st Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (2004).
34 B. Debnath, R. Roychoudhuri and S. K. Ghosh, "E-Waste Management - A Potential Route to Green Computing", Procedia Environ. Sci., 35, 669 (2016).   DOI
35 J. P. Icenhower and P. M. Dove, "The dissolution kinetics of amorphous silica into sodium chloride solutions: effects of temperature and ionic strength", Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 64(24), 4193 (2000).   DOI
36 R. Sang, H. Zhang, L. Long, Z. Hua, J. Yu, B. Wei, X. Wu, T. Feng and J. Zhang, "Thin film encapsulation for OLED display using silicon nitride and silicon oxide composite film", 2011 12th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology and High Density Packaging, (2011).
37 L. Hall-Stoodley, J. W. Costerton and P. Stoodley, "Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases", Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2(2), 95 (2004).   DOI
38 B. Liu, Y. W. Song, L. Jin, Z. J. Wang, D. Y. Pu, S. Q. Lin, C. Zhou, H. J. You, Y. Ma, J. M. Li, L. Yang, K. L. Sung and Y. G. Zhang, "Silk structure and degradation", Colloids Surface B, 131, 122 (2015).   DOI
39 S. W. Hwang, J. K. Song, X. Huang, H. Cheng, S. K. Kang, B. H. Kim, J. H. Kim, S. Yu, Y. Huang and J. A. Rogers, "High-performance biodegradable/transient electronics on biodegradable polymers", Adv. Mater., 26(23), 3905 (2014).   DOI
40 S. Santra, P. K. Guha, S. Z. Ali, I. Haneef and F. Udrea, "Silicon on Insulator Diode Temperature Sensor- A Detailed Analysis for Ultra-High Temperature Operation", IEEE Sens. J., 10(5), 997 (2010).   DOI
41 J. R. Daube, D. I. Rubin, Clinical Neurophysiology, 3rd Ed., Oxford University Press (2009)
42 Y. S. Choi, J. Koo, Y. J. Lee, G. Lee, R. Avila, H. Ying, J. Reeder, L. Hambitzer, K. Im, J. Kim, K. M. Lee, J. Cheng, Y. Huang, S. K. Kang and J. A. Rogers, "Biodegradable Polyanhydrides as Encapsulation Layers for Transient Electronics", Adv. Funct. Mater., 30(31) (2020).
43 D. H. Kim, Y. J. Cho, R. L. Tiel and D. G. Kline, "Outcomes of surgery in 1019 brachial plexus lesions treated at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center", J Neurosurg., 98(5), 1005 (2003).   DOI
44 J. A. Babcock, S. G. Balster, A. Pinto, C. Dirnecker, P. Steinmann, R. Jumpertz and B. El-Kareh, "Analog characteristics of metal-insulator-metal capacitors using PECVD nitride dielectrics", IEEE Electron Device Lett., 22(5), 230 (2001).   DOI
45 J. Srinivasan, S. V. Adve, P. Bose, and J. A. Rivers, "Life time reliability: Toward an architectural solution", IEEE Micro, 25(3), 70 (2005)   DOI
46 W. Gao, S. Emaminejad, H. Y. Y. Nyein, S. Challa, K. Chen, A. Peck, H. M. Fahad, H. Ota, H. Shiraki, D. Kiriya, D. H. Lien, G. A. Brooks, R. W. Davis and A. Javey, "Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis", Nature, 529(7587), 509 (2016).   DOI
47 S. W. Hwang, D. H. Kim, H. Tao, T. i. Kim, S. Kim, K. J. Yu, B. Panilaitis, J. W. Jeong, J.-K. Song, F. G. Omenetto and J. A. Rogers, "Materials and Fabrication Processes for Transient and Bioresorbable High-Performance Electronics", Adv. Funct. Mater., 23(33), 4087 (2013).   DOI
48 S. K. Kang, L. Yin and C. Bettinger, "The emergence of transient electronic devices", MRS Bull., 45(2), 87 (2020).   DOI
49 S. W. Hwang, H. Tao, D. H. Kim, H. Cheng, J. K. Song, E. Rill, M. A. Brenckle, B. Panilaitis, S. M. Won, Y. S. Kim, Y. M. Song, K. J. Yu, A. Ameen, R. Li, Y. Su, M. Yang, D. L. Kaplan, M. R. Zakin, M. J. Slepian, Y. Huang, F. G. Omenetto and J. A. Rogers, "A Physically Transient Form of Silicon Electronics", Science, 337(6102), 1640 (2012).   DOI
50 S. W. Hwang, X. Huang, J. H. Seo, J. K. Song, S. Kim, S. Hage-Ali, H. J. Chung, H. Tao, F. G. Omenetto, Z. Ma and J. A. Rogers, "Materials for bioresorbable radio frequency electronics", Adv. Mater., 25(26), 3526 (2013).   DOI
51 H. C. Chen, C.-H. Kuo, H. H. Chen, Y.-C. Liu and C. J. Shieh, "Optimization of Enzymatic Synthesis of Cetyl 2-Ethylhexanoate by Novozym® 435", J Am Oil Chem Soc, 88(12), 1917 (2011).   DOI
52 R. C. Jaeger, Introduction to microelectronic fabrication, 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall, NJ (2002)
53 S. K. Kang, S. W. Hwang, S. Yu, J. H. Seo, E. A. Corbin, J. Shin, D. S. Wie, R. Bashir, Z. Ma and J. A. Rogers, "Biodegradable Thin Metal Foils and Spin-On Glass Materials for Transient Electronics", Adv. Funct. Mater., 25(12), 1789 (2015).   DOI
54 R. Rojas Molina, M. De Leon Zapata, S. Saucedo, M. Aguilar and C. Aguilar, "Chemical and structural characterization of Candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc.)", J. Med. Plant Res., 7, 702 (2013).
55 S. Watanabe, N. Nakayama and T. Ito, "Homogeneous hydrogen-terminated Si(111) surface formed using aqueous HF solution and water", Appl. Phys. Lett., 59(12), 1458 (1991).   DOI
56 C. H. Lee, H. Kim, D. V. Harburg, G. Park, Y. Ma, T. Pan, J. S. Kim, N. Y. Lee, B. H. Kim, K. I. Jang, S. K. Kang, Y. Huang, J. Kim, K. M. Lee, C. Leal and J. A. Rogers, "Biological lipid membranes for on-demand, wireless drug delivery from thin, bioresorbable electronic implants", NPG Asia Mater, 7 (2015).
57 K. Nomura, H. Ohta, A. Takagi, T. Kamiya, M. Hirano and H. Hosono, "Room-temperature fabrication of transparent flexible thin-film transistors using amorphous oxide semiconductors", Nature, 432(7016), 488 (2004).   DOI
58 S. W. Hwang, C. H. Lee, H. Cheng, J. W. Jeong, S. K. Kang, J. H. Kim, J. Shin, J. Yang, Z. Liu, G. A. Ameer, Y. Huang and J. A. Rogers, "Biodegradable elastomers and silicon nanomembranes/nanoribbons for stretchable, transient electronics, and biosensors", Nano Lett, 15(5), 2801 (2015).   DOI
59 R. Li, H. Cheng, Y. Su, S. W. Hwang, L. Yin, H. Tao, M. A. Brenckle, D. H. Kim, F. G. Omenetto, J. A. Rogers and Y. Huang, "An Analytical Model of Reactive Diffusion for Transient Electronics", Adv. Funct. Mater., 23(24), 3106 (2013).   DOI
60 D. S. Allam and K. E. G. Pitt, "The structure of evaporated silicon oxide films and its effect on the electrical and optical properties", Thin Solid Films, 1(4), 245 (1968).   DOI
61 L. Yin, H. Cheng, S. Mao, R. Haasch, Y. Liu, X. Xie, S.-W. Hwang, H. Jain, S. K. Kang, Y. Su, R. Li, Y. Huang and J. A. Rogers, "Dissolvable Metals for Transient Electronics", Adv. Funct. Mater., 24(5), 645 (2014).   DOI
62 S. Li, L. Liu, H. Garreau and M. Vert, "Lipase-Catalyzed Biodegradation of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Blended with Various Polylactide-Based Polymers", Biomacromolecules, 4(2), 372 (2003).   DOI
63 A. L. Chamis, G. E. Peterson, C. H. Cabell, G. R. Corey, R. A. Sorrentino, R. A. Greenfield, T. Ryan, L. B. Reller and V. G. Fowler, Jr., "Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients with permanent pacemakers or implantable cardioverterdefibrillators", Circulation, 104(9), 1029 (2001).   DOI
64 S. M. Won, J. Koo, K. E. Crawford, A. D. Mickle, Y. Xue, S. Min, L. A. McIlvried, Y. Yan, S. B. Kim, S. M. Lee, B. H. Kim, H. Jang, M. R. MacEwan, Y. Huang, R. W. Gereau and J. A. Rogers, "Natural Wax for Transient Electronics", Adv. Funct. Mater., 28(32) (2018).
65 Y. Finer and J. P. Santerre, "Salivary Esterase Activity and Its Association with the Biodegradation of Dental Composites", J. Dent. Res., 83(1), 22 (2004).   DOI
66 D. Ibanescu, D. Cailean Gavrilescu, C. Teodosiu and S. Fiore, "Assessment of the waste electrical and electronic equipment management systems profile and sustainability in developed and developing European Union countries", Waste. Manag., 73, 39 (2018).   DOI
67 S. W. Hwang, G. Park, H. Cheng, J. K. Song, S. K. Kang, L. Yin, J. H. Kim, F. G. Omenetto, Y. Huang, K. M. Lee and J. A. Rogers, "25th anniversary article: materials for high-performance biodegradable semiconductor devices", Adv. Mater., 26(13), 1992 (2014).   DOI
68 W. Bai, J. Shin, R. Fu, I. Kandela, D. Lu, X. Ni, Y. Park, Z. Liu, T. Hang, D. Wu, Y. Liu, C. R. Haney, I. Stepien, Q. Yang, J. Zhao, K. R. Nandoliya, H. Zhang, X. Sheng, L. Yin, K. M. Renaris, A. Brikha, F. Aird, M. Pezhouh, J. Hornick, W. Zhou and J. A. Rogers, "Bioresorbable photonic devices for the spectroscopic characterization of physiological status and neural activity", Nat. Biomed. Eng., 3, 644 (2019)   DOI
69 R. Singh, M. J. Bathaei, E. Istif and L. Beker, "A Review of Bioresorbable Implantable Medical Devices: Materials, Fabrication, and Implementation", Adv. Healthc. Mater., 9(18), e2000790 (2020).
70 S. Yang, D. Xiang, A. Bryant, P. Mawby, L. Ran and P. Tavner, "Condition Monitoring for Device Reliability in Power Electronic Converters: A Review", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 25(11), 2734 (2010).   DOI
71 K. Ott, E. Tarlov, R. Crowell and N. Papadakis, "Retained intracranial metallic foreign bodies", J Neurosurg., 44(1), 80 (1976).   DOI
72 M. E. Brogan and E. M. Manno, "Treatment of malignant brain edema and increased intracranial pressure after stroke", Curr. Treat. Options. Neurol., 17(1), 327 (2015).   DOI
73 J. Y. Bae, E. J. Gwak, G. S. Hwang, H. W. Hwang, D. J. Lee, J. S. Lee, Y. C. Joo, J. Y. Sun, S. H. Jun, M. R. Ok, J. Y. Kim and S. K. Kang, "Biodegradable Metallic Glass for Stretchable Transient Electronics", Adv. Sci., 8(10) (2021).
74 Y. Wang, D. D. Rudym, A. Walsh, L. Abrahamsen, H. J. Kim, H. S. Kim, C. Kirker-Head and D. L. Kaplan, "In vivo degradation of three-dimensional silk fibroin scaffolds", Biomaterials, 29(24-25), 3415 (2008).   DOI
75 M. Maytin, L. M. Epstein and C. A. Henrikson, "Lead extraction is preferred for lead revisions and system upgrades: when less is more", Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol., 3(4), 413 (2010).   DOI
76 A. J. Jara, M. A. Zamora and A. F. G. Skarmeta, "An internet of things-based personal device for diabetes therapy management in ambient assisted living (AAL)", Pers. Ubiquit. Comput., 15(4), 431 (2011).   DOI
77 Y. Choi, K. Park, H. Choi, D. Son and M. Shin, "Self-Healing, Stretchable, Biocompatible, and Conductive Alginate Hydrogels through Dynamic Covalent Bonds for Implantable Electronics", Polymers (Basel), 13(7) (2021).
78 J. J. W. M. Rosink, H. Lifka, G. H. Rietjens and A. Pierik, "34.1: Ultra-Thin Encapsulation for Large-Area OLED Displays", SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 36(1), 1272 (2005).