Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2022.55.2.278

Revision of Nutrition Quotient for Korean adults: NQ-2021  

Yook, Sung-Min (Department of Foodservice Management and Nutrition, Graduate School, Sangmyung University)
Lim, Young-Suk (Department of Food & Nutrition, Myongji University)
Lee, Jung-Sug (Department of Food & Nutrition, Kookmin University)
Kim, Ki-Nam (Department of Food & Nutrition, Daejeon University)
Hwang, Hyo-Jeong (Department of Food & Nutrition, Sahmyook University)
Kwon, Sehyug (Department of Statistics, Hannam University)
Hwang, Ji-Yun (Major of Foodservice Management and Nutrition, Sangmyung University)
Kim, Hye-Young (Department of Food & Nutrition, Yongin University)
Publication Information
Journal of Nutrition and Health / v.55, no.2, 2022 , pp. 278-295 More about this Journal
Abstract
Purpose: This study was undertaken to revise and update the Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for Korean adults, a tool used to evaluate dietary quality and behavior. Methods: The first 31 items of the measurable food behavior checklist were adopted based on considerations of the previous NQ checklist, recent literature reviews, national nutrition policies, and recommendations. A pilot survey was conducted on 100 adults aged 19 to 64 residing in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province from March to April 2021 using a provisional 26- item checklist. Pilot survey data were analyzed using factor analysis and frequency analysis to determine whether checklist items were well organized and responses to questions were well distributed, respectively. As a result, the number of items on the food behavior checklist was reduced to 23 for the nationwide survey, which was administered to 1,000 adults (470 men and 530 women) aged 19 to 64 from May to August 2021. The construct validity of the developed NQ (NQ-2021) was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, linear structural relations. Results: Eighteen items in 3 categories, that is, balance (8 items), moderation (6 items), and practice (4 items), were finally included in NQ-2021 food behavior checklist. 'Balance' items addressed the intake frequencies of essential foods, 'moderation' items the frequencies of unhealthy food intakes or behaviors, and 'practice' items addressed eating behaviors. Items and categories were weighted using standardized path coefficients to calculate NQ-2021 scores. Conclusion: The updated NQ-2021 appears to be suitable for easily and quickly assessing the diet qualities and behaviors of Korean adults.
Keywords
diet; nutritive value; adult; behavior; checklist;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 17  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Krebs-Smith SM, Pannucci TE, Subar AF, Kirkpatrick SI, Lerman JL, Tooze JA, et al. Update of the Healthy Eating Index: HEI-2015. J Acad Nutr Diet 2018; 118(9): 1591-1602.   DOI
2 Morgan KJ, Zabik ME, Stampley GL. The role of breakfast in diet adequacy of the U.S. adult population. J Am Coll Nutr 1986; 5(6): 551-563.   DOI
3 Yun S, Park S, Yook SM, Kim K, Shim JE, Hwang JY, et al. Development of the Korean Healthy Eating Index for adults, based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutr Res Pract 2022; 16(2): 233-247.   DOI
4 Suh GS. A study on worker's dietary life according to workplace scale. Korean J Food Nutr 2016; 29(6): 1058-1069.   DOI
5 Ministry of Health and Welfare. Dietary Guidelines for Korean [Internet]. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2021 [cited 2021 May 1]. Available from: http://www.mohw.go.kr/react/al/sal0301vw.jsp?PAR_MENU_ID=04&MENU_ID=0403&CONT_SEQ=365279&page=1.
6 McCullough ML, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, Hu FB, et al. Diet quality and major chronic disease risk in men and women: moving toward improved dietary guidance. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76(6): 1261-1271.   DOI
7 Yook SM, Park S, Moon HK, Kim K, Shim JE, Hwang JY. Development of Korean Healthy Eating Index for adults using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. J Nutr Health 2015; 48(5): 419-428.   DOI
8 Lim YS, Lee JS, Hwang JY, Kim KN, Hwang HJ, Kwon S, et al. Revision of Nutrition Quotient for elderly in assessment of dietary quality and behavior. J Nutr Health 2022; 55(1): 155-173.   DOI
9 Shim JE, Paik HY, Lee SY, Moon HK, Kim YO. Comparative analysis and evaluation of dietary intake of Koreans by age groups: (4) The Korean Diet Quality Index. J Nutr Health 2002; 35(5): 558-570.
10 Kim HY, Cho MS, Lee HS. Development and validation of Mini Dietary Assessment Index for Koreans. J Nutr Health 2003; 36(1): 83-92.
11 Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Health Promotion Institute. Health Plan 2030, 2021-2030 [Internet]. Seoul: Korea Health Promotion Institute; 2021 [cited 2021 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.khealth.or.kr/board/view?pageNum=1&rowCnt=8&no1=34&linkId=1002152&menuId=MENU00829&schType=0&schText=&searchType=&boardStyle=Gallery&categoryId=&continent=&country=&contents1=.
12 Kim K, Hyeon J, Lee SA, Kwon SO, Lee H, Keum N, et al. Role of total, red, processed, and white meat consumption in stroke incidence and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6(9): e005983.   DOI
13 Choi JH, Park SJ, Kwon H, Lee HJ. Application and evaluation of mobile nutrition management service for breast cancer patients. J Nutr Health 2020; 53(1): 83-97.   DOI
14 Kim H, Kim M. A study on the intake status of energy drinks and related factors of university students in Yeungnam region. Korean J Food Nutr 2018; 31(1): 160-172.   DOI
15 Kim D, Kim J, Shin J, Kim SC, Hyun MH. The effect of long working hours on binge eating behavior: the mediating effects of negative emotions. Stress 2017; 25(1): 17-22.   DOI
16 Lee ES. Effects of abdominal obesity and risk drinking on the hypertension risk in Korean adults. J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs 2018; 29(3): 349-358.   DOI
17 Patterson RE, Haines PS, Popkin BM. Diet Quality Index: capturing a multidimensional behavior. J Am Diet Assoc 1994; 94(1): 57-64.   DOI
18 Guenther PM, Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM. Development of the Healthy Eating Index-2005. J Am Diet Assoc 2008; 108(11): 1896-1901.   DOI
19 Kim S, Haines PS, Siega-Riz AM, Popkin BM. The Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) provides an effective tool for cross-national comparison of diet quality as illustrated by China and the United States. J Nutr 2003; 133(11): 3476-3484.   DOI
20 Kennedy ET, Ohls J, Carlson S, Fleming K. The Healthy Eating Index: design and applications. J Am Diet Assoc 1995; 95(10): 1103-1108.   DOI
21 Guenther PM, Casavale KO, Reedy J, Kirkpatrick SI, Hiza HA, Kuczynski KJ, et al. Update of the Healthy Eating Index: HEI-2010. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013; 113(4): 569-580.   DOI
22 Yim JS, Heo YR. Factors associated with the dietary quality and nutrition status using the Nutrition Quotient for adults focusing on workers in the manufacturing industry. J Nutr Health 2020; 53(5): 488-502.   DOI
23 Bae YJ, Park SY, Bak HR. Evaluation of dietary quality and nutritional status according to the use of nutrition labeling and nutrition claims among university students in Chungbuk area-based on Nutrition Quotient. Korean J Community Nutr 2020; 25(3): 179-188.   DOI
24 Kim DM, Kim YR, Kim KH. Dietary habits and nutritional status of young women according to breakfast frequency in Seoul. Korean J Community Nutr 2018; 23(2): 102-115.   DOI
25 Deshmukh-Taskar PR, Radcliffe JD, Liu Y, Nicklas TA. Do breakfast skipping and breakfast type affect energy intake, nutrient intake, nutrient adequacy, and diet quality in young adults? NHANES 1999-2002. J Am Coll Nutr 2010; 29(4): 407-418.   DOI
26 Gaal S, Kerr MA, Ward M, McNulty H, Livingstone MBE. Breakfast consumption in the UK: patterns, nutrient intake and diet quality. A study from the International Breakfast Research Initiative Group. Nutrients 2018; 10(8): 999.   DOI
27 Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Korea health statistics 2020: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VIII-2). Osong; 2022.
28 National Health Insurance Service. National Health Insurance. Health-Checkup [Internet]. Wonju: National Health Insurance Service; 2022 [cited 2022 Mar 4]. Available from: https://www.nhis.or.kr/nhis/policy/wbhada19700m01.do.
29 Ministry of Health and Welfare, The Korean Nutrition Society. 2020 Dietary reference intakes for Koreans: application. Sejong; 2022.
30 Park JB, Seok KJ, Shin KH, Jang SJ. The effect of breakfast skipping on body mass index and weight Change in Korean adults. Korean J Fam Pract 2018; 8(2): 252-258.   DOI
31 Park YS, Han JL, Lee JW, Cho HS, Koo J, Kim JH, et al. The development of a simple evaluation questionnaire for screening the overweight-type dietary pattern in 30 to 49 year old adults. Korean J Community Nutr 2002; 7(4): 495-505.
32 Chung SJ, Lee Y, Lee S, Choi K. Breakfast skipping and breakfast type are associated with daily nutrient intakes and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. Nutr Res Pract 2015; 9(3): 288-295.   DOI
33 Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII). Cheongju; 2019.
34 Drewnowski A, Rehm CD, Vieux F. Breakfast in the United States: food and nutrient intakes in relation to diet quality in national health and examination survey 2011-2014. A study from the international breakfast research initiative. Nutrients 2018; 10(9): 1200.   DOI
35 Lottenberg AM, Afonso MS, Lavrador MSF, Machado RM, Nakandakare ER. The role of dietary fatty acids in the pathology of metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23(9): 1027-1040.   DOI
36 Hooper L, Summerbell CD, Thompson R, Sills D, Roberts FG, Moore HJ, et al. Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 2012(5): CD002137.
37 Yoon SR, Choi M, Kim OY. Breakfast consumption and meal time regularity on nutrient intake and cardiometabolic health in Korean adults. J Lipid Atheroscler 2021; 10(2): 240-250.   DOI
38 Ministry of Health and Welfare, The Korean Nutrition Society. 2020 Dietary reference intakes for Koreans. Sejong; 2020.
39 Kang MH, Lee JS, Kim HY, Kwon S, Choi YS, Chung HR, et al. Selecting items of a food behavior checklist for the development of Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for children. J Nutr Health 2012; 45(4): 372-389.   DOI
40 Kim HY, Kwon S, Lee JS, Choi YS, Chung HR, Kwak TK, et al. Development of a Nutrition Quotient (NQ) equation modeling for children and the evaluation of its construct validity. J Nutr Health 2012; 45(4): 390-399.   DOI
41 Farvid MS, Stern MC, Norat T, Sasazuki S, Vineis P, Weijenberg MP, et al. Consumption of red and processed meat and breast cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Cancer 2018; 143(11): 2787-2799.   DOI
42 Kyro C, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Olsen A, Landberg R. Higher whole-grain intake is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes among middle-aged men and women: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Cohort. J Nutr 2018; 148(9): 1434-1444.   DOI
43 Lee JS, Kim HY, Hwang JY, Kwon S, Chung HR, Kwak TK, et al. Development of Nutrition Quotient for Korean adults: item selection and validation of factor structure. J Nutr Health 2018; 51(4): 340-356.   DOI
44 Lee JS, Kang MH, Kwak TK, Chung HR, Kwon S, Kim HY, et al. Development of Nutrition Quotient for Korean preschoolers (NQ-P): item selection and validation of factor structure. J Nutr Health 2016; 49(5): 378-394.   DOI
45 Lee JS, Hwang JY, Kwon S, Chung HR, Kwak TK, Kang MH, et al. Development of Nutrition Quotient for elementary school children to evaluate dietary quality and eating behaviors. J Nutr Health 2020; 53(6): 629-647.   DOI
46 Kim HY, Lee JS, Hwang JY, Kwon S, Chung HR, Kwak TK, et al. Development of NQ-A, Nutrition Quotient for Korean adolescents, to assess dietary quality and food behavior. J Nutr Health 2017; 50(2): 142-157.   DOI
47 Chung MJ, Kwak DT, Kim HY, Kang MH, Lee JS, Chung HR, et al. Development of NQ-E, Nutrition Quotient for Korean elderly: item selection and validation of factor structure. J Nutr Health 2018; 51(1): 87-102.   DOI
48 Kim KJ, Lee Y, Kim JY. Current scientific technology and future challenges for personalized nutrition service. Food Sci Ind 2021; 54(9): 145-159.
49 Haines PS, Siega-Riz AM, Popkin BM. The Diet Quality Index revised: a measurement instrument for populations. J Am Diet Assoc 1999; 99(6): 697-704.   DOI