Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2012.45.5.443

A comparison of anti-inflammatory activities of green tea and grapefruit seed extract with those of microencapsulated extracts  

Jun, Yoon Kyung (Department of Food & Nutrition, Kookmin University)
Kim, Myung Hwan (Department of Food Engineering, Dankook University)
Seong, Pil Nam (National Institute of Animal Science, RDA)
Chang, Moon-Jeong (Department of Food & Nutrition, Kookmin University)
Publication Information
Journal of Nutrition and Health / v.45, no.5, 2012 , pp. 443-451 More about this Journal
Abstract
We compared the effects of grapefruit seed extract (GFSE), green tea extract (GT) and their microencapsulated extract on anti-inflammatory activities in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages cell line. In order to protect the bioactive compounds in the extracts, they were microencapsulated with maltodextrin and $H_2O$. Nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression and thiobarbiturate reactive substances (TBARS) were analyzed in LPS activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The green tea extract at the range of $100-600{\mu}g/mL$ inhibited NO, PGE2 production and iNOS protein expression without cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Grapefruit seed extract had strong inhibitory effects on NO and PGE production and iNOS protein expression at the range of $5-20{\mu}g/mL$ without cytotoxicity. Microencapsulation of green tea extract had further inhibitory effects on NO and PGE2 production and on iNOS protein expression, whereas microencapsulated GFSE did not show any further inhibitory effects on these parameters. Taken together, our results suggest that GSFE might be a promising candidate for preventing inflammation related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer or diabetes, and the microencapsulation of green tea extract could improve its bioactivity.
Keywords
grapefruit seed extract; green tea extract; microencapsulation; RAW 264.7 macrophages; anti-inflammation;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Bagchi D, Garg A, Krohn RL, Bagchi M, Tran MX, Stohs SJ. Oxygen free radical scavenging abilites of vitamin C and E, and a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in vitro. Res Commun Mol Pathos Pharmacol 1997; 95: 179-189
2 Pedrielli P, Pedulli GF, Skibsted LH. Antioxidant mechanism of flavonoids. Solvent effect on rate constant for chain-breaking reaction of quercetin and epicatechin in autoxidation of methyl linoleate. J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49(6): 3034-3040   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Yu J. Citrus limonoids and flavonoids: extraction, antioxidant activity and effects on hamster plasma cholesterol distribution [dissertation]. College Station (TX): Texas A & M University; 2004
4 Halliwell B. Are polyphenols antioxidants or pro-oxidants? What do we learn from cell cultrue and in vivo studies? Arc Biochem Biophys 2008; 476: 107-112   DOI   ScienceOn
5 McClements DJ. Design of nano-laminated coatings to control bioavailability of lipophilic food components. J Food Sci 2010; 75(1): R30-R42   DOI
6 Fang Z, Bhandari B. Encapsulation of polyphenols-a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2010; 21(10): 510-523   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Zhang L, Mou D, Du Y. Procyanidins: extraction and micro-encapsulation. J Sci Food Agric 2007; 87(12): 2192-2197   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Aoshima H, Ayabe S. Prevention of the deterioration of polyphenol-rich beverages. Food Chem 2007; 100:350-355   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Yue X, Xu Z. Changes of anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, and antioxidant activity in bilberry extract during dry heating. J Food Sci 2008; 73(6): C494-C499   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Francis FJ. Food colorants: anthocyanins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1989; 28(4): 273-314   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Davies AJ, Mazza G. Copigmentation of simple and acylated anthocyanins with colorless phenolic-compounds. J Agric Food Chem 1993; 41(5): 716-720   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Main JH, Clydesdale FM, Francis FJ. Spray drying anthocyanin concentrates for use as food colorants. J Food Sci 1978; 43(6): 1693-1694   DOI
13 Ersus S, Yurdagel U. Microencapsulation of anthocyanin pigments of black carrot (Daucus carota L.) by spray drier. J Food Eng 2007; 80(3): 805-812   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Takahashi M, Uechi S, Takara K, Asikin Y, Wada K. Evaluation of an oral carrier system in rats: bioavailability and antioxidant properties of liposome-encapsulated curcumin. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57(19): 9141-9146   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Lee HD, Kim HS, Seong PN, Kim MH. Effect of microencapsulation processing on functional property of natural pigment and antioxidant. Food Eng Prog 2012; 16(3): 283-286
16 Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods 1983; 65(1-2): 55-63   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Green LC, Wagner DA, Glogowski J, Skipper PL, Wishnok JS, Tannenbaum SR. Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N]nitrate in biological fluids. Anal Biochem 1982; 126(1): 131-138   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Radkar V, Hardej D, Lau-Cam C, Billack B. Evaluation of resveratrol and piceatannol cytotoxicity in macrophages, T cells, and skin cells. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2007; 58(3): 293-304
19 Smith JR, Hart PH, Williams KA. Basic pathogenic mechanisms operating in experimental models of acute anterior uveitis. Immunol Cell Biol 1998; 76(6): 497-512   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Chiou WF, Chen CF, Lin JJ. Mechanisms of suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in RAW 264.7 cells by andrographolide. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 129(8): 1553-1560   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Tsai PJ, Tsai TH, Yu CH, Ho SC. Comparison of NO-scavenging and NO-suppressing activities of different herbal teas with those of green tea. Food Chem 2007; 103(1): 181-187   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Nakagawa T, Yokozawa T. Direct scavenging of nitric oxide and superoxide by green tea. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40(12): 1745-1750   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Paquay JB, Haenen GR, Stender G, Wiseman SA, Tijburg LB, Bast A. Protection against nitric oxide toxicity by tea. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48(11): 5768-5772   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Mandadi KK, Jayaprakasha GK, Bhat NG, Patil BS. Red Mexican grapefruit: a novel source for bioactive limonoids and their antioxidant activity. Z Naturforsch C 2007; 62(3-4): 179-188
25 Kaur M, Agarwal CH, Agarwal R. Anticancer and cancer chemopreventive potential of grape seed extract and other grpaebased product. J Nutr 2009;139:1806S-1812S   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Grosjean SA, Arstall MA, Mitchell RN, Klappacher GW, Kelly RA, Pfeffer MA, Pfeffer JM. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor in animal models of myocardial necrosis induced by coronary artery ligation or isoproterenol injection. J Card Fail 1999; 5(3): 236-245   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Crook MA, Tutt P, Pickup JC. Elevated serum sialic acid concentration in NIDDM and its relationship to blood pressure and retinopathy. Diabetes Care 1993; 16(1): 57-60   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Nathan CF, Hibbs JB Jr. Role of nitric oxide synthesis in macrophage antimicrobial activity. Curr Opin Immunol 1991; 3(1): 65-70   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Ebrahimzadeh MA, Pourmorad F, Bekhradnia AR. Iron chelating activity, phenol and flavonoid content of some medicinal plants from Iran. Afr J Biotechnol 2008; 7(18): 3188-3192
30 Tang SY, Whiteman M, Jenner A, Peng ZF, Halliwell B. Mechanism of cell death induced by an antioxidant extract of Cratoxylum cochinchinense (YCT) in Jurkat T cells: the role of reactive oxygen species and calcium. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36(12): 1588-1611   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet 1993; 342(8878): 1007-1011   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Mirmiran P, Noori N, Zavareh MB, Azizi F. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Metab olism 2009; 58(4): 460-468   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Proteggente AR, Pannala AS, Paganga G, Van Buren L, Wagner E, Wiseman S, Van De Put F, Dacombe C, Rice-Evans CA. The antioxidant activity of regularly consumed fruit and vegetables reflects their phenolic and vitamin C composition. Free Radic Res 2002; 36(2): 217-233   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Dillard CJ, German JB. Phytochemicals: nutraceuticals and human health. J Sci Food Agric 2000; 80(12): 1744-1756   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Al-Saikhan MS, Howard LR, Miller JC. Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in different genotypes of potato (Solanum tuberosum, L.). J Food Sci 1995; 60(2): 341-343   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Vinson JA, Su X, Zubik L, Bose P. Phenol antioxidant quantity and quality in foods: fruits. J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49(11): 5315-5321   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Singh R, Akhtar N, Haqqi TM. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin- 3-gallate: inflammation and arthritis. [corrected]. Life Sci 2010; 86(25-26): 907-918   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Ishikawa T, Suzukawa M, Ito T, Yoshida H, Ayaori M, Nishiwaki M, Yonemura A, Hara Y, Nakamura H. Effect of tea flavonoid supplementation on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative modification. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66(2): 261-266
39 Serafini M, Ghiselli A, Ferro-Luzzi A. In vivo antioxidant effect of green and black tea in man. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996; 50(1): 28-32
40 Conney AH, Wang ZY, Huang MT, Ho CT, Yang CS. Inhibitory effect of green tea on tumorigenesis by chemicals and ultraviolet light. Prev Med 1992; 21(3): 361-369   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Keevil JG, Osman HE, Reed JD, Folts JD. Grape juice, but not orange juice or grapefruit juice, inhibits human platelet aggregation. J Nutr 2000; 130(1): 53-56
42 Sies H. Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants. Exp Physiol 1997; 82(2): 291-295
43 Byers T, Perry G. Dietary carotenes, vitamin C, and vitamin E as protective antioxidants in human cancers. Annu Rev Nutr 1992; 12: 139-159   DOI   ScienceOn
44 Bogdan C, Rollinghoff M, Diefenbach A. The role of nitric oxide in innate immunity. Immunol Rev 2000; 173(1): 17-26   DOI   ScienceOn
45 Evans CH. Nitric oxide: what role does it play in inflammation and tissue destruction? Agents Actions Suppl 1995; 47: 107-116