Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2018.31.3.408

Changes in γ-Aminobutyric Acid of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) with Different Cultivation Regions, Harvest Time and Maturation Stages, with Method Validation  

Lee, Sang Hoon (Dept. of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration)
Jeong, Yun Sook (Dept. of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration)
Song, Jin (Dept. of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration)
Hwang, Kyung-A (Dept. of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration)
Cho, Soo Muk (Dept. of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration)
Hwang, In Guk (Dept. of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration)
Publication Information
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition / v.31, no.3, 2018 , pp. 408-415 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the changes in the ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) cultivated from different regions, with different harvest times and at various maturation stages. Methods for observing the changes in GABA content were validated by determining the specificity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and precision and accuracy using the HPLC-FLD system. Results showed high linearity in the calibration curve with a coefficient of correlation ($R^2$) of 0.9999. The LOD and LOQ values for GABA were 0.29 and $0.87{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The relative standard deviations for intra- and inter-day precision of GABA were less than 5%. The recovery rate of GABA was in the range of 98.77% to 100.50%. The average content of GABA was 0.93 mg/g and Cheongju showed highest GABA content of 1.88 mg/g. As the time of harvest increased from May to September, the GABA content decreased from 1.56 to 0.86 mg/g. Also, maturation of the bitter melon fruit was associated with a decreased in GABA content.
Keywords
bitter melon; Momordica charantia; ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid; method validation;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 9  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Xing SG, Jun YB, Hau ZW, Liang LY. 2007. Higher accumulation of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid induced by salt stress through stimulating the activity of diamine oxidases in Glycine max (L.) Merr. roots. Plant Physiol Biochem 45:560-566   DOI
2 Bjork JM, Moeller FG, Kramer GL, Kram M, Suris A, Rush AJ, Petty F. 2001. Plasma GABA levels correlate with aggressiveness in relatives of patients with unipolar depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res 101:131-136   DOI
3 Choi HD, Park YK, Kim YS, Chung CH, Park YD. 2004. Effect of pretreatment conditions on ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid content of brown rice and germinated brown rice. Korean J Food Sci Technol 36:761-764
4 Chung HJ, Jang SH, Cho HY, Lim ST. 2009. Effects of steeping and anaerobic treatment on GABA (${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid) content in germination waxy hull-less barely. LWT-Food Sci Technol 42:1712-1716   DOI
5 Grover JK, Yadav SP. 2004. Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia: A review. J Ethnopharmacol 93:123-132   DOI
6 Hayat A, Jahangir TM, Khuhawar MY, Alamigir M, Hussain Z, Haq FU, Musharraf SG. 2015. HPLC determination of gamma amiono butyric acid (GABA) and some biogenic amines (BAs) in controlled, germinated, and fermented brown rice by pre-column derivatization. J Cereal Sci 64:56-62   DOI
7 Iimure T, Kihara M, Hirota N, Zhou T, Hayashi K, Ito K. 2009. A method for production of ${\gamma}$-amino butyric acid (GABA) using barley bran supplemented with glutamate. Food Res Int 42:319-323   DOI
8 Jeong YS, Lee SH, Song J, Hwang KA, Noh GM, Hwang IG. 2016. Vitamin C quantification of Korean Momordica charantia by cultivar, harvest time, and maturity. Korean J Food Nutr 29:474-479   DOI
9 KFDA 2004. The Handbook for the Method Validation Guidelines about Drug Product. Korea Food and Drug Administration. pp.1-18
10 Kim AK, Lee HJ, Oh MM, Lee WM, Lee SG, Chae WB, Choi HS, Yang EY, Huh YC, Park DK, Kim S. 2013. Selection of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) germplasm for improvement anti-diabetic compound contents. Kor J Breed Sci 45:332-338   DOI
11 Lee HJ, Lee SG, Kim SK, Choi CS. 2016. Variation on charantin contents of various organs and harvest seasons in bitter gourd. Korean J Hortic Sci Technol 34:701-707
12 Zhang H, Yao HY, Chen F. 2006. Accumulation of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid in rice germ using protease. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 70:1160-1165   DOI
13 Kim HW, Shin HJ, Hwang DB, Lee JE, Jeong HG, Kim DG. 2015. Functional cosmetic characteristics of Momordica charantia fruit extract. Kor Chem Eng Res 53:289-294   DOI
14 Kim I, Park CH, Jung HY, Jeong J, Hong HU, Kim JB. 2016. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) extract enhances exercise capacity in mouse model. Korean J Food Nutr 29:506-512   DOI
15 Kim KY, Lee JW. 2001. Quality factors and effect of cultivation environment on the quality of fruit vegetables. Kor J Hort Sci Technol 19:196-203
16 Kim YK, Park WT, Uddin MR, Kim YB, Bae H, Kim HH, Park KW, Park SU. 2014. Variation of charantin content in different bitter melon cultivars. Asian J Chem 26:309-310
17 Kim YK, Xu H, Park NI, Boo HO, Lee SY, Park SU. 2009. Amino acid and GABA content in different cultivars of Momordica charantia L. J Med Plant Res 3:897-900
18 Komatsuzaki N, Tsukahara K, Toyoshima H, Suzuki T, Shimizu N, Kimura T. 2007. Effect of soaking and gaseous treatment on GABA content in germinated brown rice. J Food Eng 78:556-560   DOI
19 Lee HY, Park KS, Joo OS, Hwang CE, Ahn MJ, Jeong YS, Hong SY, Kwon OK, Kang SS, Yuk HJ, Kim HR, Park DS, Cho KM. 2015a. Changes in quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) pickle during ageing. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 44: 401-411   DOI
20 Lee JW, Lee HS, Na YW, Kang MJ, Jeon YA, Sung JS, Ma KH, Lee SY. 2015b. Investigation of physicochemical properties according to different parts and maturity of Momordica charantia L. Kor J Plant Res 28:382-390   DOI
21 Beloin N, Gbeassor M, Akpagana K, Hudson J, de Soussa K, Koumaglo K, Arnason JT. 2005. Ethnomedicinal uses of Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) in Togo and relation to its phytochemistry and biological activity. J Ethnopharmacol 96:49-55   DOI
22 Ahn MK, Ahn JB, Lee SH, Lee KG. 2010. Analysis of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in germinated pigmented rice. Korean J Food Sci Technol 42:632-636
23 Ali L, Khan AKA, Mamun MIR, Mosihuzzaman M, Nahar N, Nur-e-Alam M, Rokeya B. 1993. Studies on hypoglycemic effects of fruit pulp, seed, and whole plant of Momordica charantia on normal and diabetic model rats. Planta Med 59:408-412   DOI
24 Bai Q, Chai M, Gu Z, Cao X, Li Y, Liu K. 2009. Effects of components in culture medium on glutamate decarboxylase activity and ${\gamma}$-amino butyric acid accumulation in foxtail millet (Setaria italic L.) during germination. Food Chem 116:152-157   DOI
25 Pyo YH. 2008. Effect of Monascus-fermentation on the content of GABA and free amino acids in soybean. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 37:1208-1213   DOI
26 Oh SH, Choi WG. 2000. Production of the quality germinated brown rices containing high ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid by chitosan application. Korean J Biotechnol Bioeng J 15:615-620
27 Oh SH, Kim SH, Moon YJ, Choi WG. 2002. Changes in the levels of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid and some amino acids by application of a glutamic acid solution for the germination of brown rices. Korean J Biotechnol Bioeng 17:49-53
28 Oh SH, Moon YJ, Oh CH. 2003. ${\gamma}$-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) content of selected uncooked foods. Nutracueticals Food 8:75-78
29 Oh SH. 2003. Stimulation of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid synthesis activity in brown rice by a chotosan/glutamic acid germination solution and calcium/calmodulin. BMB Reports 36:319-325   DOI
30 Parkash A, Ng TB, Tso WW. 2002. Purification and characterization of charantin, a napin-like ribosome-inactivating pep- tide from bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seeds. J Pept Res 59:197-202   DOI
31 Raman A, Lau C. 1996. Anti-diabetic properties and phytochemistry of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae). Phytomedicine 2:349-362   DOI
32 Rathi SS, Grover JK, Vats V. 2002. The effect of Momordica charantia and Mucuna pruriens in experimental diabetes and their effect on key metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Phytother Res 16:236-243   DOI
33 Sarkar S, Pranava M, Marita R. 1996. Demonstration of the hypoglycemic action of Momordica charantia in a validated animal model of diabetes. Pharmacol Res 33:1-4   DOI
34 Tomita R, Todoroki H, Mchida K, Nishida S, Maruoka H, Yoshida H, Fujioka T, Nakashima M, Yamaguchi M, Nohta H. 2014. Assessment of the efficacy of anticancer drugs by amino acid metabolomics using fluorescence derivatization-HPLC. Anal Sci 30:751-758   DOI
35 Schmourlo G, Mendonça-Filho RR, Alviano CS, Costa SS. 2005. Screening of antifungal agents using ethanol precipitation and bioautography of medicinal and food plants. J Ethnopharmacol 96:563-568   DOI
36 Shimajiri Y, Oonishi T, Ozaki K, Kainou K, Akama K. 2013. Genetic manipulation of the ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt in rice: Overexpression of truncated glutamate decarboxylase (GAD2) and knockdown of the ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) lead to sustained and high levels of GABA accumulation in rice kernels. Plant Biotechnol J 11:594-604   DOI
37 Son DM, Kim SJ, Kim HJ, Kim HG, Yun BK, Jung JM, Lee JH. 2016. Effects of cultivation method and planting date in growth and yield of Momordica charantia L. in spring season. Protected Hort Plant Fac 25:200-205   DOI
38 Virdi J, Sivakami S, Shahani S, Suthar AC, Banavalikar MM, Biyani MK. 2003. Antihyperglycemic effects of three extracts from Momordica charantia. J Ethnopharmacol 88: 107-111.   DOI
39 Wang HF, Tsai YS, Lin ML, Ou AS. 2006. Comparison of bioactive components in GABA tea and green tea produced in Taiwan. Food Chem 96:648-653   DOI
40 Welihinda J, Karunanayake EH, Sheriff MHH, Jayasinghe KSA. 1986. Effect of Momordica charantia on the glucose tolerance in maturity onset diabetes. J Ethnopharmacol 17:277-282   DOI