Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2022.16.S1.S134

Usual intake of dietary isoflavone and its major food sources in Koreans: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016-2018 data  

Kim, Yoona (Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University)
Kim, Dong Woo (Food and Nutrition Major, Division of Human Ecology, Korea National Open University)
Kim, Kijoon (Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University)
Choe, Jeong-Sook (Department of Agro-materials Evaluation, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences)
Lee, Hae-Jeung (Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University)
Publication Information
Nutrition Research and Practice / v.16, no.sup1, 2022 , pp. 134-146 More about this Journal
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Accumulating evidence has shown the beneficial effects of isoflavone on health. There is limited information on the usual isoflavone intake for Koreans. This study examined the usual intake of total isoflavone and its major food sources in Koreans according to age and gender. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The dietary intake data of 21,271 participants aged 1 yrs and older from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VII 2016-2018 were analyzed. The average isoflavone intake was estimated based on the 24-h dietary recall data in KNHANES and the isoflavone database from the Korea Rural Development Administration (RDA) and literatures. The usual isoflavone intake was estimated by applying the ratio of within- and between-participant variance estimated from the 2009 KNHANES data to the 7th KNHANES (2016-2018) data. The variance of the isoflavone intake was calculated using MIXTRAN macro with intake data for two days in the 2009 KNHANES. Complex sample analysis with stratified variables and integrated weights was conducted. RESULTS: The mean total isoflavone intake in the Korean population aged 1 yrs and older (n = 21,271) was 139.27 mg/d, which was higher than the usual intake of 47.44mg/d. Legumes were a major contributing food group (91%), with arrowroot being a major individual contributor to the isoflavone intake (67.2%), followed by 21.3% of soybean, 5.4% of bean sprouts, and 2.1% of tofu. The usual isoflavone intake was highest in the participants aged 50 to 64 yrs old and increased with age until 50 to 64 yrs and then decreased with further increases in age. The usual isoflavone intake of participants aged 65 yrs and older was higher for men than for women, showing gender differences. CONCLUSIONS: The usual dietary intake of isoflavone varied according to age and gender in the Korean population. This study showed that the usual isoflavone intake was lower than the average isoflavone intake. The difference between percentiles of the usual isoflavone intake was similarly smaller than the average intake. An estimation of average intake can be hindered by the occasional consumption of foods high in isoflavones, suggesting that the usual intake estimation method can be more appropriate. Further research will be needed to establish isoflavone dietary guidelines regarding the effects of isoflavone intake on health outcomes.
Keywords
Isoflavone soy; intake; dietary source; Korean;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Lin HC, Peng CH, Huang CN, Chiou JY. Soy-based foods are negatively associated with cognitive decline in Taiwan's elderly. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2018;64:335-9.   DOI
2 Applegate CC, Rowles JL 3rd, Ranard KM, Jeon S, Erdman JW. Soy consumption and the risk of prostate cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2018;10:40.   DOI
3 Franco OH, Chowdhury R, Troup J, Voortman T, Kunutsor S, Kavousi M, Oliver-Williams C, Muka T. Use of plant-based therapies and menopausal symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2016;315:2554-63.   DOI
4 Dominguez-Lopez I, Yago-Aragon M, Salas-Huetos A, Tresserra-Rimbau A, Hurtado-Barroso S. Effects of dietary phytoestrogens on hormones throughout a human lifespan: a review. Nutrients 2020;12:2456.   DOI
5 Chan SG, Ho SC, Kreiger N, Darlington G, So KF, Chong PY. Dietary sources and determinants of soy isoflavone intake among midlife Chinese women in Hong Kong. J Nutr 2007;137:2451-5.   DOI
6 Murphy KJ, Walker KM, Dyer KA, Bryan J. Estimation of daily intake of flavonoids and major food sources in middle-aged Australian men and women. Nutr Res 2019;61:64-81.   DOI
7 Lee MJ, Kim MJ, Min SH, Yoon S. A study on the attitude of soy food and estimated dietary isoflavone intake among Korean adolescents. Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9:606-14.
8 Bennetau-Pelissero C. Risks and benefits of phytoestrogens: where are we now? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2016;19:477-83.   DOI
9 Peterson J, Lagiou P, Samoli E, Lagiou A, Katsouyanni K, La Vecchia C, Dwyer J, Trichopoulos D. Flavonoid intake and breast cancer risk: a case--control study in Greece. Br J Cancer 2003;89:1255-9.   DOI
10 Kim HS, Kang BK, Seo JH, Kim HT, Ha TJ, Oh JH, Shin SO, Baek IY. Effect of different planting times on the quantitative variation of total seed isoflavone content and composition in Korean soybean cultivars (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). J Crop Sci Biotechnol 2021;24:179-90.   DOI
11 Mulligan AA, Welch AA, McTaggart AA, Bhaniani A, Bingham SA. Intakes and sources of soya foods and isoflavones in a UK population cohort study (EPIC-Norfolk). Eur J Clin Nutr 2007;61:248-54.   DOI
12 Adgent MA, Daniels JL, Edwards LJ, Siega-Riz AM, Rogan WJ. Early-life soy exposure and gender-role play behavior in children. Environ Health Perspect 2011;119:1811-6.   DOI
13 Kweon S, Kim Y, Jang MJ, Kim Y, Kim K, Choi S, Chun C, Khang YH, Oh K. Data resource profile: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Int J Epidemiol 2014;43:69-77.   DOI
14 Park M. Preparation of Korean isoflavone database and evaluation of isoflavone intake among Korean adolescents [master's thesis]. Seoul: Seoul National University; 2005.
15 Bai W, Wang C, Ren C. Intakes of total and individual flavonoids by US adults. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014;65:9-20.   DOI
16 Li N, Wu X, Zhuang W, Xia L, Chen Y, Zhao R, Yi M, Wan Q, Du L, Zhou Y. Soy and isoflavone consumption and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomized trials in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020;64:e1900751.
17 Cederroth CR, Zimmermann C, Nef S. Soy, phytoestrogens and their impact on reproductive health. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012;355:192-200.   DOI
18 Kim J, Kim S, Huh K, Kim Y, Joung H, Park M. High serum isoflavone concentrations are associated with the risk of precocious puberty in Korean girls. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf ) 2011;75:831-5.   DOI
19 Messina M, Nagata C, Wu AH. Estimated Asian adult soy protein and isoflavone intakes. Nutr Cancer 2006;55:1-12.   DOI
20 Lee MJ, Kim JH. Estimated dietary isoflavone intake among Korean adults. Nutr Res Pract 2007;1:206-11.   DOI
21 Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Findings from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [Internet]. Cheongju: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2018 [cited 2021 June 12]. Available from: https://knhanes.kdca.go.kr/knhanes/sub01/sub01_05.do#s5_02.
22 Bhagwat S, Haytowitz DB, Holden JM. USDA Database for the Isoflavone Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.0. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Nutrient Data Laboratory; 2008.
23 Park MK, Song Y, Joung H, Li SJ, Paik HY. Establishment of an isoflavone database for usual Korean foods and evaluation of isoflavone intake among Korean children. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007;16:129-39.
24 Kim K, Vance TM, Chun OK. Estimated intake and major food sources of flavonoids among US adults: changes between 1999-2002 and 2007-2010 in NHANES. Eur J Nutr 2016;55:833-43.   DOI
25 Qiu S, Jiang C. Soy and isoflavones consumption and breast cancer survival and recurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr 2019;58:3079-90.   DOI
26 Bosetti C, Rossi M, McLaughlin JK, Negri E, Talamini R, Lagiou P, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Franceschi S, LaVecchia C. Flavonoids and the risk of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16:98-101.   DOI
27 Ovaskainen ML, Torronen R, Koponen JM, Sinkko H, Hellstrom J, Reinivuo H, Mattila P. Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols in Finnish adults. J Nutr 2008;138:562-6.   DOI
28 Kim J, Kim HJ, Joung H, Park MK, Li S, Song Y, Franke AA, Paik HY. Overnight urinary excretion of isoflavones as an indicator for dietary isoflavone intake in Korean girls of pubertal age. Br J Nutr 2010;104:709-15.   DOI
29 Zamora-Ros R, Knaze V, Lujan-Barroso L, Kuhnle GG, Mulligan AA, Touillaud M, Slimani N, Romieu I, Powell N, Tumino R, et al. Dietary intakes and food sources of phytoestrogens in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) 24-hour dietary recall cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012;66:932-41.   DOI
30 Kokubo Y, Iso H, Ishihara J, Okada K, Inoue M, Tsugane S; JPHC Study Group. Association of dietary intake of soy, beans, and isoflavones with risk of cerebral and myocardial infarctions in Japanese populations: the Japan Public Health Center-based (JPHC) study cohort I. Circulation 2007;116:2553-62.   DOI
31 Lambert MN, Hu LM, Jeppesen PB. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2017;106:801-11.   DOI
32 Krizova L, Dadakova K, Kasparovska J, Kasparovsky T. Isoflavones. Molecules 2019;24:1076.   DOI
33 Chun OK, Chung SJ, Song WO. Urinary isoflavones and their metabolites validate the dietary isoflavone intakes in US adults. J Am Diet Assoc 2009;109:245-54.   DOI
34 Mulligan AA, Kuhnle GG, Lentjes MA, van Scheltinga V, Powell NA, McTaggart A, Bhaniani A, Khaw KT. Intakes and sources of isoflavones, lignans, enterolignans, coumestrol and soya-containing foods in the Norfolk arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk), from 7 d food diaries, using a newly updated database. Public Health Nutr 2013;16:1454-62.   DOI
35 van Erp-Baart MA, Brants HA, Kiely M, Mulligan A, Turrini A, Sermoneta C, Kilkkinen A, Valsta LM. Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: the VENUS approach. Br J Nutr 2003;89 Suppl 1:S25-30.   DOI
36 Nagata C, Mizoue T, Tanaka K, Tsuji I, Tamakoshi A, Matsuo K, Wakai K, Inoue M, Tsugane S, Sasazuki S, et al. Soy intake and breast cancer risk: an evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence among the Japanese population. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014;44:282-95.   DOI
37 Nakamoto M, Otsuka R, Nishita Y, Tange C, Tomida M, Kato Y, Imai T, Sakai T, Ando F, Shimokata H. Soy food and isoflavone intake reduces the risk of cognitive impairment in elderly Japanese women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018;72:1458-62.   DOI
38 Tse G, Eslick GD. Soy and isoflavone consumption and risk of gastrointestinal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr 2016;55:63-73.   DOI
39 Jiang R, Botma A, Rudolph A, Husing A, Chang-Claude J. Phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Br J Nutr 2016;116:2115-28.   DOI
40 Lee HS, Cho YH, Park J, Shin HR, Sung MK. Dietary intake of phytonutrients in relation to fruit and vegetable consumption in Korea. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013;113:1194-9.   DOI
41 Wada K, Nakamura K, Masue T, Sahashi Y, Ando K, Nagata C. Soy intake and urinary sex hormone levels in preschool Japanese children. Am J Epidemiol 2011;173:998-1003.   DOI
42 Hu XJ, Song WR, Gao LY, Nie SP, Eisenbrand G, Xie MY. Assessment of dietary phytoestrogen intake via plant-derived foods in China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014;31:1325-35.   DOI
43 Hsiao AKF, Lyons-Wall PM. Soy consumption in Taiwanese children in Taipei. J Nutr 2000;130:705S.
44 Kim Y, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Polyphenols and glycemic control. Nutrients 2016;8:17.   DOI
45 Setchell KD, Brown NM, Zimmer-Nechemias L, Brashear WT, Wolfe BE, Kirschner AS, Heubi JE. Evidence for lack of absorption of soy isoflavone glycosides in humans, supporting the crucial role of intestinal metabolism for bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:447-53.   DOI
46 Yuan JP, Wang JH, Liu X. Metabolism of dietary soy isoflavones to equol by human intestinal microflora--implications for health. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007;51:765-81.   DOI
47 Tang J, Wan Y, Zhao M, Zhong H, Zheng JS, Feng F. Legume and soy intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2020;111:677-88.   DOI
48 Tokede OA, Onabanjo TA, Yansane A, Gaziano JM, Djousse L. Soya products and serum lipids: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2015;114:831-43.   DOI
49 Rafii F, Davis C, Park M, Heinze TM, Beger RD. Variations in metabolism of the soy isoflavonoid daidzein by human intestinal microfloras from different individuals. Arch Microbiol 2003;180:11-6.   DOI
50 Kumar S, Pandey AK. Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. Sci World J 2013;2013:162750.   DOI
51 Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Remesy C, Jimenez L. Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:727-47.   DOI
52 Morgan HE, Dillaway D, Edwards TM. Estrogenicity of soybeans (Glycine max) varies by plant organ and developmental stage. Endocr Disruptors (Austin) 2014;2:e28490.   DOI
53 Kurzer MS, Xu X. Dietary phytoestrogens. Annu Rev Nutr 1997;17:353-81.   DOI
54 Ruscica M, Pavanello C, Gandini S, Gomaraschi M, Vitali C, Macchi C, Morlotti B, Aiello G, Bosisio R, Calabresi L, et al. Effect of soy on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2018;57:499-511.   DOI
55 Zamora-Ros R, Andres-Lacueva C, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Berenguer T, Jakszyn P, Barricarte A, Ardanaz E, Amiano P, Dorronsoro M, Larranaga N, et al. Estimation of dietary sources and flavonoid intake in a Spanish adult population (EPIC-Spain). J Am Diet Assoc 2010;110:390-8.   DOI
56 Kim J, Kwon C. Estimated dietary isoflavone intake of Korean population based on national nutrition survey. Nutr Res 2001;21:947-53.   DOI
57 Lee SK, Lee MJ, Yoon S, Kwon DJ. Estimated isoflavone intake from soy products in Korean middle-aged women. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2000;29:948-56.
58 Wakai K, Egami I, Kato K, Kawamura T, Tamakoshi A, Lin Y, Nakayama T, Wada M, Ohno Y. Dietary intake and sources of isoflavones among Japanese. Nutr Cancer 1999;33:139-45.   DOI
59 Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Survey contents [Internet]. Cheongju: Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency; 2021 [cited 2020 January 12]. Available from: https://knhanes.kdca.go.kr/knhanes/sub02/sub02_03.do#s8_04.
60 Bustamante-Rangel M, Delgado-Zamarreno MM, Perez-Martin L, Rodriguez-Gonzalo E, Dominguez-Alvarez J. Analysis of Isoflavones in Foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018;17:391-411.   DOI
61 Sansai K, Na Takuathung M, Khatsri R, Teekachunhatean S, Hanprasertpong N, Koonrungsesomboon N. Effects of isoflavone interventions on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Osteoporos Int 2020;31:1853-64.   DOI