Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2012.6.3.226

Independent beneficial effects of aged garlic extract intake with regular exercise on cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women  

Seo, Dae-Yun (National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University)
Lee, Sung-Ryul (National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University)
Kim, Hyoung-Kyu (National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University)
Baek, Yeong-Ho (Department of Physical Education, Pusan National University)
Kwak, Yi-Sub (Department of Physical Education, Dong-Eui University)
Ko, Tae-Hee (National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University)
Kim, Na-Ri (National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University)
Rhee, Byoung-Doo (National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University)
Ko, Kyoung-Soo (National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University)
Park, Byung-Joo (Division of Leisure & Sports Science, Dong Seo University)
Han, Jin (National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University)
Publication Information
Nutrition Research and Practice / v.6, no.3, 2012 , pp. 226-231 More about this Journal
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of a 12 weeks aged garlic extract (AGE) regimen with regular exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in postmenopausal women. A total of 30 postmenopausal women ($54.4{\pm}5.4$ years) were randomly divided into the following four groups: Placebo (Placebo; n = 6), AGE intake (AGEI; n = 8), exercise and placebo (Ex + Placebo; n = 8), exercise and AGE (Ex + AGE; n = 8) groups. The AGE group consume 80 mg per day, and exercise groups performed moderate exercise (aerobic and resistance) three times per week. After 12 weeks of treatment, body composition, lipid profile, and CVD risk factors were analyzed. Body weight was significantly decreased in AGEI, Ex + Placebo, and Ex + AGE groups compared to baseline. Body fat % was significantly decreased in the AGEI and Ex + Placebo groups. Body mass index (BMI) was significantly decreased in the AGEI, Ex + Placebo, and Ex + AGE groups. Fat-free mass was significantly decreased in the AGEI group. Total cholesterol (TC) was significantly lower in the Ex + Placebo compared to the Placebo group. AGE supplementation or exercise effectively reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C). Triglyceride (TG) was significantly increased in the AGEI group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly decreased in the AGEI, Ex + Placebo, and Ex + AGE compared to the placebo group. AGE supplementation reduced homocysteine levels regardless of whether the women also exercised. The present results suggest that AGE supplementation reduces cardiovascular risk factors independently of exercise in postmenopausal women.
Keywords
Aged garlic extract; exercise; postmenopausal women; cardiovascular risk factor; homocysteine;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
Times Cited By Web Of Science : 0  (Related Records In Web of Science)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Miyauchi A. Pathophysiology and treatment of malignancyassociated hypercalcemia. Nihon Rinsho 2006;Suppl 2:161-4.
2 Cagnacci A, Tarquini R, Perfetto F, Arangino S, Zanni AL, Cagnacci P, Facchinetti F, Volpe A. Endothelin-1 and nitric oxide levels are related to cardiovascular risk factors but are not modified by estradiol replacement in healthy postmenopausal women. A cross-sectional and a randomized cross-over study. Maturitas 2003;44:117-24.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Morihara N, Ide N, Weiss N. Aged garlic extract inhibits homocysteine-induced scavenger receptor CD36 expression and oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol uptake in human macrophages in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;134:711-6.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Morihara N, Sumioka I, Moriguchi T, Uda N, Kyo E. Aged garlic extract enhances production of nitric oxide. Life Sci 2002;71:509-17.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Lee YM, Gweon OC, Seo YJ, Im J, Kang MJ, Kim MJ, Kim JI. Antioxidant effect of garlic and aged black garlic in animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Res Pract 2009;3:156-61.   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Figueroa A, Park SY, Seo DY, Sanchez-Gonzalez MA, Baek YH. Combined resistance and endurance exercise training improves arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and muscle strength in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2011;18:980-4.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Pereira IR, Faludi AA, Aldrighi JM, Bertolami MC, Saleh MH, Silva RA, Nakamura Y, Campos MF, Novaes N, Abdalla DS. Effects of soy germ isoflavones and hormone therapy on nitric oxide derivatives, low-density lipoprotein oxidation, and vascular reactivity in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. Menopause 2006;13:942-50.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Harauma A, Moriguchi T. Aged garlic extract improves blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats more safely than raw garlic. J Nutr 2006;136:769S-773S.   DOI
9 Hoshino T, Kashimoto N, Kasuga S. Effects of garlic preparations on the gastrointestinal mucosa. J Nutr 2001;131:1109S-1113S.
10 Lawson LD, Gardner CD. Composition, stability, and bioavailability of garlic products used in a clinical trial. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:6254-61.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Imayama I, Alfano CM, Kong A, Foster-Schubert KE, Bain CE, Xiao L, Duggan C, Wang CY, Campbell KL, Blackburn GL, McTiernan A. Dietary weight loss and exercise interventions effects on quality of life in overweight/obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011;8:118.   DOI
12 Lukaski HC, Nielsen FH. Dietary magnesium depletion affects metabolic responses during submaximal exercise in postmenopausal women. J Nutr 2002;132:930-5.
13 Ryan AS, Nicklas BJ, Berman DM, Elahi D. Adiponectin levels do not change with moderate dietary induced weight loss and exercise in obese postmenopausal women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27:1066-71.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007;39:44-84.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Clarke R, Daly L, Robinson K, Naughten E, Cahalane S, Fowler B, Graham I. Hyperhomocysteinemia: an independent risk factor for vascular disease. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1149-55.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Moat SJ, Lang D, McDowell IF, Clarke ZL, Madhavan AK, Lewis MJ, Goodfellow J. Folate, homocysteine, endothelial function and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr Biochem 2004;15:64-79.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Yeh YY, Yeh SM. Homocysteine-lowering action is another potential cardiovascular protective factor of aged garlic extract. J Nutr 2006;136:745S-749S.   DOI
18 Yoshizawa M, Maeda S, Miyaki A, Misono M, Choi Y, Shimojo N, Ajisaka R, Tanaka H. Additive beneficial effects of lactotripeptides intake with regular exercise on endothelium-dependent dilatation in postmenopausal women. Am J Hypertens 2010;23:368-72.   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Yoshizawa M, Maeda S, Miyaki A, Misono M, Choi Y, Shimojo N, Ajisaka R, Tanaka H. Additive beneficial effects of lactotripeptides and aerobic exercise on arterial compliance in postmenopausal women. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009;297: H1899-903.   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Duvernoy CS, Martin JW, Briesmiester K, Muzik O, Mosca L. Self-reported physical activity and myocardial flow reserve in postmenopausal women at risk for cardiovascular disease. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2006;15:45-50.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Brown DA, Chicco AJ, Jew KN, Johnson MS, Lynch JM, Watson PA, Moore RL. Cardioprotection afforded by chronic exercise is mediated by the sarcolemmal, and not the mitochondrial, isoform of the KATP channel in the rat. J Physiol 2005;569:913-24.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Okura T, Rankinen T, Gagnon J, Lussier-Cacan S, Davignon J, Leon AS, Rao DC, Skinner JS, Wilmore JH, Bouchard C. Effect of regular exercise on homocysteine concentrations: the HERITAGE Family Study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006;98:394-401.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Brett SE, Jiang BY, Turner C, Ritter JM, Chowienczyk PJ. Elevation of plasma homocysteine by methionine loading increases the diastolic blood pressure response to exercise. J Hypertens 2006;24:1985-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Squadrito F, Altavilla D, Morabito N, Crisafulli A, D'Anna R, Corrado F, Ruggeri P, Campo GM, Calapai G, Caputi AP, Squadrito G. The effect of the phytoestrogen genistein on plasma nitric oxide concentrations, endothelin-1 levels and endothelium dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 2002;163:339-47.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Capraz M, Dilek M, Akpolat T. Garlic, hypertension and patient education. Int J Cardiol 2007;121:130-1.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Liu ZM, Ho SC, Chen YM, Ho YP. The effects of isoflavones combined with soy protein on lipid profiles, C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk among postmenopausal Chinese women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011. [Epub ahead of print].
27 Kim SY, Seo SK, Choi YM, Jeon YE, Lim KJ, Cho S, Choi YS, Lee BS. Effects of red ginseng supplementation on menopausal symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Menopause 2012;19:461-6.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Sobenin IA, Andrianova IV, Fomchenkov IV, Gorchakova TV, Orekhov AN. Time-released garlic powder tablets lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men with mild and moderate arterial hypertension. Hypertens Res 2009;32:433-7.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Morihara N, Sumioka I, Ide N, Moriguchi T, Uda N, Kyo E. Aged garlic extract maintains cardiovascular homeostasis in mice and rats. J Nutr 2006;136:777S-781S.
30 Morihara N, Hayama M, Fujii H. Aged garlic extract scavenges superoxide radicals. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2011;66:17-21.   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NP. Aged garlic extract lowers blood pressure in patients with treated but uncontrolled hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. Maturitas 2010;67:144-50.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Bittner V. Menopause, age, and cardiovascular risk: a complex relationship. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:2374-5.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. Menopause and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1105-10.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Gijon-Conde T, Banegas JR. Cardiovascular disease in hypertension: gender differences in 100,000 clinical records. Rev Clin Esp 2012;212:55-62.   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Utian WH. Biosynthesis and physiologic effects of estrogen and pathophysiologic effects of estrogen deficiency: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:1828-31.   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH. Molecular and cellular basis of cardiovascular gender differences. Science 2005;308:1583-7.   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Andreassi MG, Barale R, Iozzo P, Picano E. The association of micronucleus frequency with obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Mutagenesis 2011;26:77-83.   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Farhangkhoee H, Khan ZA, Kaur H, Xin X, Chen S, Chakrabarti S. Vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy: pathogenesis and potential treatment targets. Pharmacol Ther 2006;111:384-99.   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Purushothaman KR, Meerarani P, Moreno PR. Inflammation and neovascularization in diabetic atherosclerosis. Indian J Exp Biol 2007;45:93-102.
40 Kruger HS, Venter CS, Vorster HH; THUSA Study. Physical inactivity as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in communities undergoing rural to urban transition: the THUSA study. Cardiovasc J S Afr 2003;14:16-23.
41 Armstrong K, Rakhit D, Jeffriess L, Johnson D, Leano R, Prins J, Garske L, Marwick T, Isbel N. Cardiorespiratory fitness is related to physical inactivity, metabolic risk factors, and atherosclerotic burden in glucose-intolerant renal transplant recipients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;1:1275-83.   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Laufs U, Wassmann S, Czech T, Munzel T, Eisenhauer M, Bohm M, Nickenig G. Physical inactivity increases oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:809-14.   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Riesco E, Aubertin-Leheudre M, Maltais ML, Audet M, Dionne IJ. Synergic effect of phytoestrogens and exercise training on cardiovascular risk profile in exercise-responder postmenopausal women: a pilot study. Menopause 2010;17:1035-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
44 Haapanen-Niemi N, Miilunpalo S, Pasanen M, Vuori I, Oja P, Malmberg J. Body mass index, physical inactivity and low level of physical fitness as determinants of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality--16 y follow-up of middle-aged and elderly men and women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1465-74.   DOI   ScienceOn