Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.737

A Study on the Sodium and Potassium Intakes and Urinary Excretion of Adults in Busan  

Lim, Hwa-Jae (Department of Food and Nutrition, Dong-eui University)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition / v.17, no.6, 2012 , pp. 737-751 More about this Journal
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess sodium and potassium intakes and urinary excretion of adults in Busan and to evaluate the relationship of urinary sodium/potassium excretion (UNa/UK) to the status of anthropometric, blood pressure, urine analysis, and nutrient intake of subjects. Nutrient intake by 24-h recall, 24-h UNa/UK were measured with 87 adults aged 20-59 yrs (42 men and 45 women). The mean intakes of sodium and potassium were 3915.4 mg and 3093.9 mg, respectively. The mean 24-h UNa/UK was 3457.0/1680.4 mg. UNa showed significant positive correlations with sodium intake (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), sodium/potassium ratio (p < 0.001, p < 0.01), UK (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), and UNa/UK ratio (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) in men and women and with age, BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). The UK showed significant positive correlations sodium intake (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), UNa (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) in men and women and with sodium density in men (p < 0.001) and with age, intakes of protein and potassium in women (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). Mean SBP was lowest in the second quartile and highest in the fourth quartile of UNa. Mean UNa in the second, third, and fourth quartiles were 2821.1 mg, 3621.3 mg, and 5456.4 mg, respectively. Mean SBP in the second, third, and fourth quartiles were 115.8 mmHg, 120.7 mmHg, and 125.9 mmHg, respectively. Based on the results, UNa was related to sodium intake, UK, and SBP. We conclude that nutritional education for the reduction of high sodium intake is needed in the general population to prevent and control adverse blood pressure levels.
Keywords
sodium and potassium intakes; urinary sodium and potassium excretion; men; women; blood pressure;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Park TS, Lee KY (1985): A study on the sodium and potassium intakes and their metabolism of university students in Korea. Korean J Nutr 18(3): 201-208
2 Pietinen P (1982): Estimating sodium intake from food consumption data. Ann Nutr Metab 26: 90-99
3 Rhee MY, Yang SJ, Oh SW, Park Y, Kim CI, Park HK, Park SW, Park CY (2011): Novel genetic variations associated with salt sensitivity in the Korean population. Hypertens Res 34(5): 606- 611
4 Ruppert M, Overlack A, Kolloch R, Kraft K, Gobel B, Stumpe KO (1993): Neurohormonal and metabolic effects of severe and moderate salt restriction in non-obese normotensive adults. J Hypertens 11(7): 743-749
5 Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER 3rd, Simons-Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH (2001): Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 344(1): 3-10
6 Sasaki S, Zhang XH, Kesteloot HK (1995): Dietary sodium, potassium, saturated fat, alcohol, and stroke mortality. Stroke 26: 783-789
7 Sebastian A, Harris ST, Ottaway JH, Todd KM, Morris RC Jr (1994): Improved mineral balance and skeletal metabolism in postmenopausal women treated with potassium bicarbonate. N Engl J Med 330: 1776-1781
8 Shin EK, Lee HJ, Lee JJ, Ahn MY, Son SM, Lee YK (2010): Estimation of sodium intake of adult female by 24-hour urine analysis, dietary records and dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ 55). Korean J Nutr 43(1): 79-85
9 Son SM, Park YS, Lim HJ, Kim SB, Jeong YS (2007): Sodium intakes of Korean adults with 24-hour urine analysis and dish frequency questionnaire and comparison of sodium intakes according to the regional area and dish group. Korean J Community Nutr 12(5): 545-558
10 Stamler J, Cirillo M (1997): Dietary salt and renal stone disease. Lancet 349: 506 - 507
11 Stamler J, Rose G, Stamler R, Elliott P, Dyer A, Marmot M (1989): Intersalt study findings. Public health and medical care implications. Hypertension 14(5): 570-577
12 Sung CJ, Choi MK, Jo JH, Lee JY (1993): Relationship among dietary intake, blood level, and urinary excretion of minerals and blood pressure in Korean rural adult men and women. Korean J Nutr 26(1): 89-97
13 The Korean Nutrition Society (2010): Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. Seoul
14 Tsugane S (2005): Salt, salted food intake, and risk of gastric cancer: epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Sci 96(1): 1-6
15 Whelton PK, He J, Cutler JA, Brancati FL, Appel LJ, Follmann D, Klag MJ (1997): Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. JAMA 277(20): 1624-1632
16 Yoon SS, Ostchega Y, Louis T (2010): Recent Trends in the prevalence of high blood pressure and its treatment and control, 1999-2008. NCHS Data Brief 48: 1-8
17 Yoon YO, Kim ES, Ro HK (1990): Sodium intakes of some industrial workers. Korean J Nutr 23(1): 37-43
18 Yoon YO, Kim ES, Ro HK (1991): Potassium intakes of some industrial workers. Korean J Nutr 24(4): 344-349
19 Kim YS, Paik HY (1987): Measurement of Na intake in Korean adult females. Korean J Nutr 20(5): 341-349
20 Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, Luben R, O'Brien E, Wareham N, Day N (2004): Blood pressure and urinary sodiuum in men and women: the Norfolk Cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk). Am J Clin Nutr 80(5): 1397-1403
21 Kim HH, Shin EK, Lee HJ, Lee NH, Chun BY, Ahn MY, Lee YK (2009): Evaluation of the effectiveness of a salt reduction program for employees. Korean J Nutr 42(4): 350-357
22 Kim IS, Seo ES, Jeon SY (1994): A study on contents of salt in stored foods which homemakers prepared and their urine in Chon-buk province. Korean J Food Nutr 7(3): 183-191
23 Kimira M, Kudo Y, Takachi R, Haba R, Watanabe S (2004): Associations between dietary intake and urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 59(1): 23-30
24 Kwok TC, Chan TY, Woo J (2003): Relationship of urinary sodium/ potassium excretion and calcium intake to blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension among older Chinese vegetarians. Eur J Clin Nutr 57: 299-304
25 Korean Food Industry Association (1988): Household measures of common used food items
26 Korean Hypertension Treatment Guidelines (2004)
27 Kumanyika SK, Cutler JA (1997): Dietary sodium reduction: is there cause for concern? J Am Coll Nutr 16: 192-203
28 Langenfeld MRW, Schobel H, Veelken R, Weihprecht H, Schmieder RE (1998): Impact of dietary sodium intake on left ventricular diastolic filling in early essential hypertension. Eur Heart J 19: 951-958
29 Martini LA, Cuppari L, Colugnati FAB, Sigulem DM, Szejnfeld VL, Schor N, Heilberg IP (2000): High sodium chloride intake is associated with low density in calcium in stone forming patients. Clinical Nephrology 54: 85-93
30 Ministry of Health & Welfare (MOHW)/Korean Health Industry Development Institute (KHID) (2006): Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES) 2005
31 Ministry of Health & Welfare (MOHW)/Korean Health Industry Development Institute (KHID) (2008): Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES) 2007
32 Ministry of Health & Welfare (MOHW)/Korean Health Industry Development Institute (KHID) (2009): Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES) 2008
33 Cook NR, Obarzanek E, Cutler JA, Buring JE, Rexrode KM, Kumanyika SK, Appel LJ, Whelton PK; Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group (2009): Joint effects of sodium and potassium intake on subsequent cardiovascular disease: the Trials of Hypertension Prevention follow-up study. Arch Intern Med 169(1): 32-40
34 Elliott P, Stamler R, in consultation with other investigators of INTERSALT (1988): Manual of operations for 'INTERSALT' an international cooperative study on the relation of sodium and potassium to blood pressure. Control Clin Trials 9: 1S-118S
35 Dickinson BD, Havas S (2007): Reducing the population burden of cardiovascular disease by reducing sodium intake: a report of the Council on Science and Public Health. Arch Intern Med 167: 1460-1468
36 Elliott P, Dyer A, Stamler R (1989): The INTERSALT study : results for 24 hour sodium and potassium, by age and sex. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. J Hum Hypertens 3(5): 323-330
37 Elliott P, Stamler J, Nichols R, Dyer AR, Stamler R, Kesteloot H, Marmot M (1996): Intersalt revisited: further analyses of 24 hour sodim excretion and blood pressure within and across populations. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. BMJ 312 (7041): 1249-1253
38 Fregly MJ (1981): Sodium and potassium. Ann Rev Nutr 1: 69-93
39 Gillum RF, Prineas RJ, Elmer PJ (1984): Assessing sodium and potassium intake in essential hypertension. Am Heart J 107: 549- 555
40 Hawk PB, Oser BL, Summerson WH (1954): Practical physiology chemistry. 13th ed. Blackiston Co Inc, Toronto, p.899
41 He J, Gu D, Chen J, Jaquish CE, Rao DC, Hixson JE, Chen JC, Duan X, Huang JF, Chen CS, Kelly TN, Bazzano LA, Whelton PK; GenSalt Collaborative Research Group (2009): Gender difference in blood pressure responses to dietary sodium intervention in the GenSalt study. J Hypertens 27(1): 48-54
42 Hirvonen T, Pietinen P, Virtanen M, Albanes D, Virtamo J (1999): Nutrient intake and use of beverages and the risk of kidney stones among male smokers. Am J Epidemiol 150: 187-194
43 Kaplan NM (2000): The dietary guideline for sodium:should we shake it up? Am J Clin Nutr 71: 1020-1026
44 Huggins CE, O'Reilly S, Brinkman M, Hodge A, Giles GG, English DR, Nowson CA (2011): Relationship of urinary sodium and sodium-to-potassium ratio to blood pressure in older adults in Australia. Med J Aust 195(3): 128-132
45 Intersalt Cooperative Research Group (1988): Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ 297: 319-328
46 Jackson EK, Herzer WA (1993): Angiotensin II/prostaglandin I2 interactions in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 22(5): 668-698
47 Kawasaki T, Itoh K, Uezono K, Sasaki H (1993): A simple method for estimating 24 H urinary sodium and potassium excretion from second morning voiding urine specimen in adults. Clin Exp Phamacol Physiol 20: 7-14
48 Alderman MH, Madhavan S, Cohen H, Sealey JE, Laragh JH (1995): Low urianry sodium is associated with greater risk of myocardial infraction among treated hypertensive men. Hypertension 25: 1144-1152
49 Caggiula AW, Wing RR, Nowalk MP, Lee S, Langford H (1985): The measurement of sodium and potassium intake. Am J Clin Nutr 42: 391-398
50 Chien KI, Hsu HC, Chen PC, Su TC, Chang WT, Chen MF, Lee YT (2008): Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and risk of hypertension in Chinese: report from a community -based cohort study in Taiwan. J Hypertens 26(9): 1750-1756
51 Chobanian AV, Hill M (2000): National heart, lung, and blood institute workshop on sodium and blood pressure : a critical review of current scientific evidence. Hypertension 35(4): 853- 863
52 Ministry of Health & Welfare (MOHW)/Korean Health Industry Development Institute (KHID) (2010): Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES) 2009
53 Choi MK, Lee WY, Park JD (2005): Relation among mineral (Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, Zn) intakes, blood pressure, and blood lipids in Korean adults. Korean J Nutr 38(10): 827-835
54 Cirillo M, Laurenzi M, Panarelli W, Stamler J (1994): Urinary sodium to potassium ratio and urinary stone disease. The Gubbio Population Study Reseach Group. Kidney Int 46(4): 1133-1139
55 Cohen HW, Alderman MH (2007): Sodium, blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 22(4): 306-310
56 Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A, Forman A, Tanaka M, Schmidlin O (1999): Normotensive salt -sensitivity: Effects of race and dietary potassium. Hypertension 33: 18-23
57 Nam HW, Lee KY (1985): A study on the sodium and potassium intakes and their metabolism of the pregnant women in Korea. Korean J Nutr 18(3): 194-200
58 New SA, Robins SP, Campbell MK, Martin JC, Garton MJ, Bolton- Smith C, Grubb DA, Lee SJ, Reid DM (2000): Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism : Further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health. Am J Clin Nutr 71: 142-151
59 New SA, MacDonald HM, Campbell MK, Martin JC, Garton MJ, Robins SP, Reid DM (2004): Lower estimates of net endogeneous noncarbonic acid production are positively associated with indexes of bone health in premenopausal and perimenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 79: 131-138
60 Park JA (1998): The interrelationship of renin activity, hormonal and habitual Ca, Na intake and blood pressure in hypertension. Ph.D thesis, Keimyung University
61 Park SJ, Paik HY, Lee SY (2007): The influence of mixed NaCl-KCl salt on sodium intake and urinary excretion of sodium and potassium. Korean J Nutr 40(6): 500-508