Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2021.e57

Probiotics-Mediated Bioconversion and Periodontitis  

Lee, Yewon (Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University)
Yoon, Yohan (Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University)
Choi, Kyoung-hee (Department of Oral Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University)
Publication Information
Food Science of Animal Resources / v.41, no.6, 2021 , pp. 905-922 More about this Journal
Abstract
Novel bioactive metabolites have been developed through a bioconversion of dairy products or other foods using probiotics isolated from dairy products or other fermented foods. These probiotics-mediated bioconversion (PMB) metabolites show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, epithelial barrier, and anticancer activities. In addition, the effect of PMB metabolites in periodontitis is recently reported in several studies. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by infections, and the tooth support tissue is destroyed. Common treatments for periodontitis include scaling and root planning with systemic antibiotics. However, the overuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms and disturbs the beneficial bacteria, including lactobacilli in the oral cavity. For this reason, PMB metabolites, such as fermented milk, have been suggested as substitutes for antibiotics to reduce periodontitis. This paper reviews the recent studies on the correlation between periodontitis and PMB metabolites and classifies the efficacy of major PMB metabolites for periodontitis. The review suggests that PMB is effective for periodontitis, and further studies are needed to confirm the therapeutic effect of PMB metabolites on periodontitis.
Keywords
periodontitis; probiotics; bioconversion; probiotics-mediated bioconversion;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Yamada M, Takahashi N, Matsuda Y, Sato K, Yokoji M, Sulijaya B, Maekawa T, Ushiki T, Mikami Y, Hayatsu M, Mizutani Y, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Arita M, Tabeta K, Maeda T, Yamazaki K. 2018. A bacterial metabolite ameliorates periodontal pathogen-induced gingival epithelial barrier disruption via GPR40 signaling. Sci Rep 8:9008.   DOI
2 Yang SJ, Choe TB. 2011. Antioxidant activity and whitening effect of Forsythiae fructus extracts. Korean J Med Crop Sci 19:472-477.   DOI
3 Yokoji-Takeuchi M, Takahashi N, Yamada-Hara M, Sulijaya B, Tsuzuno T, Aoki-Nonaka Y, Tabeta K, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Yamazaki K. 2020. A bacterial metabolite induces Nrf2-mediated anti-oxidative responses in gingival epithelial cells by activating the MAPK signaling pathway. Arch Oral Biol 110:104602.   DOI
4 Zhang Y, Wang X, Li H, Ni C, Du Z, Yan F. 2018. Human oral microbiota and its modulation for oral health. Biomed Pharmacother 99:883-893.   DOI
5 Lee J, Kim M, Kim D, Yu C, Kim BS, Lee JS, Kang SS. 2020. Anti-biofilm effect of bioconversion of whey by lactic acid bacteria against foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Curr Top Lactic Acid Bacteria Probiotics 6:25-31.   DOI
6 Lee NK, Paik HD. 2017. Bioconversion using lactic acid bacteria: Ginsenosides, GABA, and phenolic compounds. J Microbiol Biotechnol 27:869-877.   DOI
7 Liu TH, Tsai TY, Pan TM. 2018b. Effects of an ethanol extract from Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 fermented skimmed milk on lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontal inflammation in rats. Food Funct 9:4916-4925.   DOI
8 Masdea L, Kulik EM, Hauser-Gerspach I, Ramseier AM, Filippi A, Waltimo T. 2012. Antimicrobial activity of Streptococcus salivarius K12 on bacteria involved in oral malodour. Arch Oral Biol 57:1041-1047.   DOI
9 DiRienzo JM. 2014. Breaking the gingival epithelial barrier: Role of the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin in oral infectious disease. Cells 3:476-499.   DOI
10 Dewhirst FE, Chen T, Izard J, Paster BJ, Tanner ACR, Yu WH, Lakshmanan A, Wade WG. 2010. The human oral microbiome. J Bacteriol 192:5002-5017.   DOI
11 Han HS, Park WS, Lee YJ. 2008. Studies on the immunomodulating acitivity of fermented Artemisiae argyi folium extract. Korean J Herbol 23:103-112.
12 Heeney DD, Zhai Z, Bendiks Z, Barouei J, Martinic A, Slupsky C, Marco ML. 2019. Lactobacillus plantarum bacteriocin is associated with intestinal and systemic improvements in diet-induced obese mice and maintains epithelial barrier integrity in vitro. Gut Microbes 10:382-397.   DOI
13 Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, Gibson GR, Merenstein DJ, Pot B, Morelli L, Berni Canani R, Flint HJ, Salminen S, Calder PC, Sanders ME. 2014. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 11:506-514.   DOI
14 Houle MA, Grenier D. 2003. Periodontal diseases: Current knowledge: Current concepts in periodontal diseases. Med Mal Infect 33:331-340.   DOI
15 Hyun DH, Lee M, Hattori N, Kubo SI, Mizuno Y, Halliwell B, Jenner P. 2002. Effect of wild-type or mutant Parkin on oxidative damage, nitric oxide, antioxidant defenses, and the proteasome. J Biol Chem 277:28572-28577.   DOI
16 Ishikawa H, Aiba Y, Nakanishi M, Oh-hashi Y, Koga Y. 2003. Suppression of periodontal pathogenic bacteria in the saliva of humans by the administration of Lactobacillus salivarius TI 2711. J Jpn Soc Periodontol 45:105-112.   DOI
17 Zokaityte E, Cernauskas D, Klupsaite D, Lele V, Starkute V, Zavistanaviciute P, Ruzauskas M, Gruzauskas R, Juodeikiene G, Rocha JM, Bliznikas S, Viskelis P, Ruibys R, Bartkiene E. 2020. Bioconversion of milk permeate with selected lactic acid bacteria strains and apple by-products into beverages with antimicrobial properties and enriched with galactooligosaccharides. Microorganisms 8:1182.   DOI
18 Sanz M, Beighton D, Curtis MA, Cury JA, Dige I, Dommisch H, Ellwood R, Giacaman RA, Herrera D, Herzberg MC, Kononen E, Marsh PD, Meyle J, Mira A, Molina A, Mombelli A, Quirynen M, Reynolds MC, Shapira L, Zaura E. 2017. Role of microbial biofilms in the maintenance of oral health and in the development of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Consensus report of group 1 of the joint EFP/ORCA workshop on the boundaries between caries and periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 44:S5-S11.   DOI
19 Scannapieco FA. 2013. The oral microbiome: Its role in health and in oral and systemic infections. Clin Microbiol Newsl 35:163-169.   DOI
20 Ince G, Gursoy H, Ipci SD, Cakar G, Emekli-Alturfan E, Yilmaz S. 2015. Clinical and biochemical evaluation of lozenges containing Lactobacillus reuteri as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 86:746-754.   DOI
21 Son HU, Lee S, Heo JC, Lee SH. 2017. The solid-state fermentation of Artemisia capillaris leaves with Ganoderma lucidum enhances the anti-inflammatory effects in a model of atopic dermatitis. Int J Mol Med 39:1233-1241.   DOI
22 Schlagenhauf U, Rehder J, Gelbrich G, Jockel-Schneider Y. 2020. Consumption of Lactobacillus reuteri-containing lozenges improves periodontal health in navy sailors at sea: A randomized controlled trial. J Periodontol 91:1328-1338.   DOI
23 Sibel Akalin A. 2014. Dairy-derived antimicrobial peptides: Action mechanisms, pharmaceutical uses and production proposals. Trends Food Sci Technol 36:79-95.   DOI
24 Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent RL Jr. 1998. Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol 25:134-144.   DOI
25 Spano G, Rinaldi A, Ugliano M, Moio L, Beneduce L, Massa S. 2005. A β-glucosidase producing gene isolated from wine Lactobacillus plantarum is regulated by abiotic stresses. J Appl Microbiol 98:855-861.   DOI
26 Kaur S, White S, Bartold PM. 2013. Periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review. J Dent Res 92:399-408.   DOI
27 Solieri L, Rutella GS, Tagliazucchi D. 2015. Impact of non-starter lactobacilli on release of peptides with angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities during bovine milk fermentation. Food Microbiol 51:108-116.   DOI
28 Jakesevic M, Aaby K, Borge GIA, Jeppsson B, Ahrne S, Molin G. 2011. Antioxidative protection of dietary bilberry, chokeberry and Lactobacillus plantarum HEAL19 in mice subjected to intestinal oxidative stress by ischemiareperfusion. BMC Complement Altern Med 11:8.   DOI
29 Jung J, Jang HJ, Eom SJ, Choi NS, Lee NK, Paik HD. 2019. Fermentation of red ginseng extract by the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11613P: Ginsenoside conversion and antioxidant effects. J Ginseng Res 43:20-26.   DOI
30 Kapoor A, Malhotra R, Grover V, Grover D. 2012. Systemic antibiotic therapy in periodontics. Dent Res J 9:505-515.   DOI
31 Kazmierczyk-Winciorek M, Nedzi-Gora M, Slotwinska SM. 2021. The immunomodulating role of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Cent Eur J Immunol 46:99-104.   DOI
32 Sulijaya B, Yamada-Hara M, Yokoji-Takeuchi M, Matsuda-Matsukawa Y, Yamazaki K, Matsugishi A, Tsuzuno T, Sato K, Aoki-Nonaka Y, Takahashi N, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Tabeta K, Yamazaki K. 2019. Antimicrobial function of the polyunsaturated fatty acid KetoC in an experimental model of periodontitis. J Periodontol 90:1470-1480.   DOI
33 Rodriguez H, Curiel JA, Landete JM, de las Rivas B, de Felipe FL, Gomez-Cordoves C, Mancheno JM, Munoz R. 2009. Food phenolics and lactic acid bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 132:79-90.   DOI
34 Ketudat Cairns JR, Esen A. 2010. β-Glucosidases. Cell Mol Life Sci 67:3389-3405.   DOI
35 Listgarten MA. 1987. Nature of periodontal diseases: Pathogenic mechanisms. J Periodontal Res 22:172-178.   DOI
36 Stagos D, Amoutzias GD, Matakos A, Spyrou A, Tsatsakis AM, Kouretas D. 2012. Chemoprevention of liver cancer by plant polyphenols. Food Chem Toxicol 50:2155-2170.   DOI
37 Sulijaya B, Masulili SLC, Lessang R, Soeroso Y, Auerkari EI. 2016. The human beta-defensin-1 level from smokers with chronic periodontitis. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 9:174-176.   DOI
38 Sulijaya B, Takahashi N, Yamada M, Yokoji M, Sato K, Aoki-Nonaka Y, Nakajima T, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Yamazaki K. 2018. The anti-inflammatory effect of 10-oxo-trans-11-octadecenoic acid (KetoC) on RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide. J Periodontal Res 53:777-784.   DOI
39 Suthanthangjai W, Kilmartin PA, Phillips ARJ, Davies K, Ansell J. 2014. Bioconversion of Pinot noir anthocyanins into bioactive phenolic compounds by lactic acid bacteria. Nutr Aging 2:145-149.   DOI
40 D'Aiuto F, Gkranias N, Bhowruth D, Khan T, Orlandi M, Suvan J, Masi S, Tsakos G, Hurel S, Hingorani AD, Donos N, Deanfield JE, For the TASTE Group. 2018. Systemic effects of periodontitis treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 12 month, single-centre, investigator-masked, randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 6:954-965.   DOI
41 Kolenbrander PE, Andersen RN, Blehert DS, Egland PG, Foster JS, Palmer RJ Jr. 2002. Communication among oral bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 66:486-505.   DOI
42 Tabasco R, Sanchez-Patan F, Monagas M, Bartolome B, Moreno-Arribas MV, Pelaez C, Requena T. 2011. Effect of grape polyphenols on lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria growth: Resistance and metabolism. Food Microbiol 28:1345-1352.   DOI
43 Takahashi N. 2005. Microbial ecosystem in the oral cavity: Metabolic diversity in an ecological niche and its relationship with oral diseases. Int Congr Ser 1284:103-112.   DOI
44 Takahashi N, Sulijaya B, Yamada-Hara M, Tsuzuno T, Tabeta K, Yamazaki K. 2019. Gingival epithelial barrier: Regulation by beneficial and harmful microbes. Tissue Barriers 7:e1651158.   DOI
45 Teeuw WJ, Slot DE, Susanto H, Gerdes VEA, Abbas F, D'Aiuto F, Kastelein JJP, Loos BG. 2014. Treatment of periodontitis improves the atherosclerotic profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol 41:70-79.   DOI
46 Tellez A, Corredig M, Brovko LY, Griffiths MW. 2010. Characterization of immune-active peptides obtained from milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus. J Dairy Res 77:129-136.   DOI
47 Oda Y, Furutani C, Mizota Y, Wakita A, Mimura S, Kihara T, Ohara M, Okada A, Okada M, Nikawa H. 2019. Effect of bovine milk fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus L8020 on periodontal disease in individuals with intellectual disability: A randomized clinical trial. J Appl Oral Sci 27:e20180564.   DOI
48 Aarnikunnas J, Von Weymarn N, Ronnholm K, Leisola M, Palva A. 2003. Metabolic engineering of Lactobacillus fermentum for production of mannitol and pure L-lactic acid or pyruvate. Biotechnol Bioeng 82:653-663.   DOI
49 Tekce M, Ince G, Gursoy H, Dirikan Ipci S, Cakar G, Kadir T, Yilmaz S. 2015. Clinical and microbiological effects of probiotic lozenges in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A 1-year follow-up study. J Clin Periodontol 42:363-372.   DOI
50 Omar SH. 2010. Oleuropein in olive and its pharmacological effects. Sci Pharm 78:133-154.   DOI
51 Tonetti MS, Van Dyke TE, Working group 1 of the Joint EFP/AAP workshop. 2013. Periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Consensus report of the joint EFP/AAP workshop on periodontitis and systemic diseases. J Clin Periodontol 40:S24-S29.   DOI
52 Vivekananda MR, Vandana KL, Bhat KG. 2010. Effect of the probiotic Lactobacilli reuteri (Prodentis) in the management of periodontal disease: A preliminary randomized clinical trial. J Oral Microbiol 2:5344.   DOI
53 Yang HE, Li Y, Nishimura A, Jheng HF, Yuliana A, Kitano-Ohue R, Nomura W, Takahashi N, Kim CS, Yu R, Kitamura N, Park SB, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Kawada T, Goto T. 2017. Synthesized enone fatty acids resembling metabolites from gut microbiota suppress macrophage-mediated inflammation in adipocytes. Mol Nutr Food Res 61:1700064.   DOI
54 Kumar PS, Griffen AL, Barton JA, Paster BJ, Moeschberger ML, Leys EJ. 2003. New bacterial species associated with chronic periodontitis. J Dent Res 82:338-344.   DOI
55 Aas JA, Paster BJ, Stokes LN, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE. 2005. Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol 43:5721-5732.   DOI
56 Ahn J, Chen CY, Hayes RB. 2012. Oral microbiome and oral and gastrointestinal cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control 23:399-404.   DOI
57 Koll-Klais P, Mandar R, Leibur E, Marcotte H, Hammarstrom L, Mikelsaar M. 2005. Oral lactobacilli in chronic periodontitis and periodontal health: Species composition and antimicrobial activity. Oral Microbiol Immunol 20:354-361.   DOI
58 Laleman I, Pauwels M, Quirynen M, Teughels W. 2020. A dual-strain Lactobacilli reuteri probiotic improves the treatment of residual pockets: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol 47:43-53.   DOI
59 Lee M, Hong GE, Zhang H, Yang CY, Han KH, Mandal PK, Lee CH. 2015. Production of the isoflavone aglycone and antioxidant activities in black soymilk using fermentation with Streptococcus thermophilus S10. Food Sci Biotechnol 24:537-544.   DOI
60 Lee NK, Jeewanthi RKC, Park EH, Paik HD. 2016b. Short communication: Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Cheddar-type cheese fortified with Inula britannica extract. J Dairy Sci 99:83-88.   DOI
61 Li S, Chen L, Yang T, Wu Q, Lv Z, Xie B, Sun Z. 2013. Increasing antioxidant activity of procyanidin extracts from the pericarp of Litchi chinensis processing waste by two probiotic bacteria bioconversions. J Agric Food Chem 61:2506-2512.   DOI
62 Liu Y, Hui X, Ibrahim SA, Huang W. 2018a. Increasing antiradical activity of polyphenols from lotus seed epicarp by probiotic bacteria bioconversion. Molecules 23:2667.   DOI
63 Rupasinghe HPV, Parmar I, Neir SV. 2019. Biotransformation of cranberry proanthocyanidins to probiotic metabolites by Lactobacillus rhamnosus enhances their anticancer activity in HepG2 cells in vitro. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019:4750795.
64 Park H, Kim HS, Eom SJ, Kim KT, Paik HD. 2015. Antioxidative and anticanceric activities of Magnolia (Magnolia denudata) flower petal extract fermented by Pediococcus acidilactici KCCM 11614. Molecules 20:12154-12165.   DOI
65 Pervaiz I, Ahmad S, Madni MA, Ahmad H, Khaliq FH. 2013. Microbial biotransformation: A tool for drug designing. Appl Biochem Microbiol 49:435-449.
66 Riep B, Edesi-Neuss L, Claessen F, Skarabis H, Ehmke B, Flemmig TF, Bernimoulin JP, Gobel UB, Moter A. 2009. Are putative periodontal pathogens reliable diagnostic markers? J Clin Microbiol 47:1705-1711.   DOI
67 Teughels W, Van Essche M, Sliepen I, Quirynen M. 2008. Probiotics and oral healthcare. Periodontol 2000 48:111-147.   DOI
68 Grandits M, Michlmayr H, Sygmund C, Oostenbrink C. 2013. Calculation of substrate binding affinities for a bacterial GH78 rhamnosidase through molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Catal B Enzym 92:34-43.   DOI
69 Malkoski M, Dashper SG, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Talbo GH, Macris M, Cross KJ, Reynolds EC. 2001. Kappacin, a novel antibacterial peptide from bovine milk. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:2309-2315.   DOI
70 Teughels W, Durukan A, Ozcelik O, Pauwels M, Quirynen M, Haytac MC. 2013. Clinical and microbiological effects of Lactobacillus reuteri probiotics in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A randomized placebo-controlled study. J Clin Periodontol 40:1025-1035.   DOI
71 Thilakarathna WW, Langille MG, Rupasinghe HPV. 2018. Polyphenol-based prebiotics and synbiotics: Potential for cancer chemoprevention. Curr Opin Food Sci 20:51-57.   DOI
72 John RP, Nampoothiri KM, Pandey A. 2007. Fermentative production of lactic acid from biomass: An overview on process developments and future perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 74:524-534.   DOI
73 Nejati F, Rizzello CG, Di Cagno R, Sheikh-Zeinoddin M, Diviccaro A, Minervini F, Gobbetti M. 2013. Manufacture of a functional fermented milk enriched of angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA). LWT-Food Sci Technol 51:183-189.   DOI
74 Kishino S, Takeuchi M, Park SB, Hirata A, Kitamura N, Kunisawa J, Kiyono H, Iwamoto R, Isobe Y, Arita M, Arai H, Ueda K, Shima J, Takahashi S, Yokozeki K, Shimizu S, Ogawa J. 2013. Polyunsaturated fatty acid saturation by gut lactic acid bacteria affecting host lipid composition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:17808-17813.   DOI
75 Sanz M, Ceriello A, Buysschaert M, Chapple I, Demmer RT, Graziani F, Herrera D, Jepsen S, Lione L, Madianos P, Mathur M, Montanya E, Shapira L, Tonetti M, Vegh D. 2018. Scientific evidence on the links between periodontal diseases and diabetes: Consensus report and guidelines of the joint workshop on periodontal diseases and diabetes by the International Diabetes Federation and the European Federation of Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol 45:138-149.
76 Selma MV, Espin JC, Tomas-Barberan FA. 2009. Interaction between phenolics and gut microbiota: Role in human health. J Agric Food Chem 57:6485-6501.   DOI
77 Lee G, Kim HJ, Kim HM. 2016a. RhoA-JNK regulates the E-cadherin junctions of human gingival epithelial cells. J Dent Res 95:284-291.   DOI
78 Elfahri K. 2012. Release of bioactive peptides from milk proteins by Lactobacillus species. M.S. thesis, Victoria Univ., Melbourne, Australia.
79 Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, Prescott SL, Reimer RA, Salminen SJ, Scott K, Stanton C, Swanson KS, Cani PD, Verbeke K, Reid G. 2017. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 14:491-502.   DOI
80 Grudianov AI, Dmitrieva NA, Fomenko EV. 2002. Use of probiotics bifidumbacterin and acilact in tablets in therapy of periodontal inflammations. Stomatologiia 81:39-43.
81 Tomasi C, Leyland AH, Wennstrom JL. 2007. Factors influencing the outcome of non-surgical periodontal treatment: A multilevel approach. J Clin Periodontol 34:682-690.   DOI
82 Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, Fraser-Liggett CM, Knight R, Gordon JI. 2007. The human microbiome project. Nature 449:804-810.   DOI
83 van Winkelhoff AJ, Rams TE, Slots J. 1996. Systemic antibiotic therapy in periodontics. Periodontol 2000 10:45-78.   DOI
84 Varela-Lopez A, Battino M, Bullon P, Quiles JL. 2015. Dietary antioxidants for chronic periodontitis prevention and its treatment. A review on current evidences from animal and human studies. ARS Pharm 56:131-140.   DOI
85 Choi Y, Park E, Kim S, Ha J, Oh H, Kim Y, Lee Y, Seo Y, Kang J, Lee S, Lee H, Yoon Y, Choi KH. 2021. Fermented milk with Lactobacillus curvatus SMFM2016-NK alleviates periodontal and gut inflammation, and alters oral and gut microbiota. J Dairy Sci 104:5197-5207.   DOI
86 Berezina OV, Zakharova NV, Brandt A, Yarotsky SV, Schwarz WH, Zverlov VV. 2010. Reconstructing the clostridial nbutanol metabolic pathway in Lactobacillus brevis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 87:635-646.   DOI
87 Gupta G. 2011. Probiotics and periodontal health. J Med Life 4:387-394.
88 Armitage GC. 1995. Clinical evaluation of periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 7:39-53.   DOI
89 Aura AM. 2008. Microbial metabolism of dietary phenolic compounds in the colon. Phytochem Rev 7:407-429.   DOI
90 Bae EA, Kim NY, Han MJ, Choo MK, Kim DH. 2003. Transformation of ginsenosides to compound K (IH-901) by lactic acid bacteria of human intestine. J Microbiol Biotechnol 13:9-14.
91 Borgnakke WS, Ylostalo PV, Taylor GW, Genco RJ. 2013. Effect of periodontal disease on diabetes: Systematic review of epidemiologic observational evidence. J Periodontol 84:S135-S152.   DOI
92 Cordova-Davalos LE, Jimenez M, Salinas E. 2019. Glycomacropeptide bioactivity and health: A review highlighting action mechanisms and signaling pathways. Nutrients 11:598.   DOI
93 Goodson JM, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS, Kent R, Teles R, Hasturk H, Bogren A, Van Dyke T, Wennstrom J, Lindhe J. 2012. Control of periodontal infections: A randomized controlled trial I. The primary outcome attachment gain and pocket depth reduction at treated sites. J Clin Periodontol 39:526-536.   DOI
94 How YH, Ewe JA, Song KP, Kuan CH, Kuan CS, Yeo SK. 2020. Soy fermentation by indigenous oral probiotic Streptococcus spp. and its antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens. Int Food Res J 27:357-365.
95 Invernici MM, Salvador SL, Silva PHF, Soares MSM, Casarin R, Palioto DB, Souza SLS, Taba M Jr, Novaes AB, Furlaneto FAC, Messora MR. 2018. Effects of Bifidobacterium probiotic on the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol 45:1198-1210.   DOI
96 Kamer AR, Dasanayake AP, Craig RG, Glodzik-Sobanska L, Bry M, de Leon MJ. 2008. Alzheimer's disease and peripheral infections: The possible contribution from periodontal infections, model and hypothesis. J Alzheimers Dis 13:437-449.   DOI
97 Miyamoto J, Mizukure T, Park SB, Kishino S, Kimura I, Hirano K, Bergamo P, Rossi M, Suzuki T, Arita M, Ogawa J, Tanabe S. 2015. A gut microbial metabolite of linoleic acid, 10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid, ameliorates intestinal epithelial barrier impairment partially via GPR40-MEK-ERK pathway. J Biol Chem 290:2902-2918.   DOI
98 Brooke MA, Nitoiu D, Kelsell DP. 2012. Cell-cell connectivity: Desmosomes and disease. J Pathol 226:158-171.   DOI
99 Claffey N, Polyzois I, Ziaka P. 2004. An overview of nonsurgical and surgical therapy. Periodontol 2000 36:35-44.   DOI
100 Shin YW, Bae EA, Lee BM, Min SW, Baek NI, Ryu SN, Chung HG, Kim DH. 2006. Effect of fermented lactic acid bacteria on antiallergic effect of Artemisia princeps pampanini. J Microbiol Biotechnol 16:1464-1467.
101 Diamond G, Beckloff N, Weinberg A, Kisich KO. 2009. The roles of antimicrobial peptides in innate host defense. Curr Pharm Des 15:2377-2392.   DOI
102 Vicario M, Santos A, Violant D, Nart J, Giner L. 2013. Clinical changes in periodontal subjects with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Prodentis: A preliminary randomized clinical trial. Acta Odontol Scand 71:813-819.   DOI
103 Vieira LV, de Sousa LM, Maia TAC, Gusmao JNFM, Goes P, Pereira KMA, Miyajima F, Gondim DV. 2021. Milk kefir therapy reduces inflammation and alveolar bone loss on periodontitis in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 139:111677.   DOI
104 Wang X, Geng X, Egashira Y, Sanada H. 2004. Purification and characterization of a feruloyl esterase from the intestinal bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:2367-2372.   DOI
105 Danser MM, Gomez SM, Van der Weijden GA. 2003. Tongue coating and tongue brushing: A literature review. Int J Dent Hyg 1:151-158.   DOI
106 Di Cagno R, Mazzacane F, Rizzello CG, Vincentini O, Silano M, Giuliani G, De Angelis M, Gobbetti M. 2010. Synthesis of isoflavone aglycones and equol in soy milks fermented by food-related lactic acid bacteria and their effect on human intestinal Caco-2 cells. J Agric Food Chem 58:10338-10346.   DOI
107 Doh ES, Chang JP, Lee KH, Seong NS. 2010. Ginsenoside change and antioxidation activity of fermented ginseng. Korean J Med Crop Sci 18:255-265.
108 Ebringer L, Ferencik M, Krajcovic J. 2008. Beneficial health effects of milk and fermented dairy products: Review. Folia Microbiol 53:378-394.   DOI
109 Ewe JA, Wan-Abdullah WN, Alias AK, Liong MT. 2012. Effects of ultrasound on growth, bioconversion of isoflavones and probiotic properties of parent and subsequent passages of Lactobacillus fermentum BT 8633 in biotin-supplemented soymilk. Ultrason Sonochem 19:890-900.   DOI
110 Fernandez MA, Picard-Deland E, Le Barz M, Daniel N, Marette A. 2017. Yogurt and health. In Fermented foods in health and disease prevention. 1st ed. Frias J, Martinez-Villaluenga C, Penas E (ed). Elsevier Science & Technology Books, Quebec, QU, Canada. pp 305-338.
111 Page RC. 1986. Gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 13:345-355.   DOI
112 Moreno-Fernandez J, Diaz-Castro J, Alferez MJM, Boesch C, Nestares T, Lopez-Aliaga I. 2017. Fermented goat milk improves antioxidant status and protects from oxidative damage to biomolecules during anemia recovery. J Sci Food Agric 97:1433-1442.   DOI
113 Novakovic N, Todorovic T, Rakic M, Milinkovic I, Dozic I, Jankovic S, Aleksic Z, Cakic S. 2014. Salivary antioxidants as periodontal biomarkers in evaluation of tissue status and treatment outcome. J Periodont Res 49:129-136.   DOI
114 Ostaff MJ, Stange EF, Wehkamp J. 2013. Antimicrobial peptides and gut microbiota in homeostasis and pathology. EMBO Mol Med 5:1465-1483.   DOI
115 Pelekos G, Acharya A, Eiji N, Hong G, Leung WK, McGrath C. 2020. Effects of adjunctive probiotic L. reuteri lozenges on S/RSD outcomes at molar sites with deep pockets. J Clin Periodontol 47:1098-1107.   DOI
116 Perkins C, Siddiqui S, Puri M, Demain AL. 2016. Biotechnological applications of microbial bioconversions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 36:1050-1065.   DOI
117 Quan LH, Piao JY, Min JW, Yang DU, Lee HN, Yang DC. 2011. Bioconversion of ginsenoside rb1 into compound k by Leuconostoc citreum LH1 isolated from kimchi. Braz J Microbiol 42:1227-1237.   DOI
118 Rice-Evans C, Miller N, Paganga G. 1997. Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends Plant Sci 2:152-159.   DOI
119 Rodriguez H, Landete JM, de las Rivas B, Munoz R. 2008. Metabolism of food phenolic acids by Lactobacillus plantarum CECT 748T. Food Chem 107:1393-1398.   DOI
120 Gobbetti M, Minervini F, Rizzello CG. 2004. Angiotensin I-converting-enzyme-inhibitory and antimicrobial bioactive peptides. Int J Dairy Technol 57:173-188.   DOI
121 Xu S, Boylston TD, Glatz BA. 2005. Conjugated linoleic acid content and organoleptic attributes of fermented milk products produced with probiotic bacteria. J Agric Food Chem 53:9064-9072.   DOI
122 Baca-Castanon ML, De la Garza-Ramos MA, Alcazar-Pizana AG, Grondin Y, Coronado-Mendoza A, Sanchez-Najera RI, Cardenas-Estrada E, Medina-De la Garza CE, Escamilla-Garcia E. 2015. Antimicrobial effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, and periodontal diseases Actinomyces naeslundii and Tannerella forsythia. Probiotics Antimicrob 7:1-8.   DOI
123 Berg G, Rybakova D, Fischer D, Cernava T, Verges MCC, Charles T, Chen X, Cocolin L, Eversole K, Corral GH, Kazou M, Kinkel L, Lange L, Lima N, Loy A, Macklin JA, Maguin E, Mauchline T, McClure R, Mitter B, Ryan M, Sarand I, Smidt H, Schelkle B, Roume H, Kiran GS, Selvin J, de Souza RSC, van Overbeek L, Singh BK, Wagner M, Walsh A, Sessitsch A, Schloter M. 2020. Microbiome definition re-visited: Old concepts and new challenges. Microbiome 8:103.   DOI
124 Gonzalez-Gonzalez CR, Tuohy KM, Jauregi P. 2011. Production of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity in milk fermented with probiotic strains: Effects of calcium, pH and peptides on the ACE-inhibitory activity. Int Dairy J 21:615-622.   DOI
125 Grusovin MG, Bossini S, Calza S, Cappa V, Garzetti G, Scotti E, Gherlone EF, Mensi M. 2020. Clinical efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri-containing lozenges in the supportive therapy of generalized periodontitis stage III and IV, grade C: 1-year results of a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. Clin Oral Invest 24:2015-2024.   DOI
126 Haiwen Z, Rui H, Bingxi Z, Qingfeng G, Jifeng Z, Xuemei W, Beibei W. 2019. Oral administration of bovine lactoferrinderived lactoferricin (Lfcin) B could attenuate enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 induced intestinal disease through improving intestinal barrier function and microbiota. J Agric Food Chem 67:3932-3945.   DOI
127 Curiel JA, Rodriguez H, Acebron I, Mancheno JM, De Las Rivas B, Munoz R. 2009. Production and physicochemical properties of recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum tannase. J Agric Food Chem 57:6224-6230.   DOI
128 Wang Y, Andrukhov O, Rausch-Fan X. 2017. Oxidative stress and antioxidant system in periodontitis. Front Physiol 8:910.   DOI
129 Weydert CJ, Cullen JJ. 2010. Measurement of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in cultured cells and tissue. Nat Protoc 5:51-66.   DOI