競争が激しいグローバル市場において, 中小企業はどのようにして持続可能な競争優位を獲得するのかという問題を抱えている｡ しかし, 中小企業のグローバル市場における経営課題や戦略の実態についてはわからないことが多い｡ そこで本研究では, 日本の中小企業がグ ローバル市場でどのようにして競争優位を獲得することができるのかについて事例分析を通じて探ることを目的としている｡ 本稿で取り上げるのは, 事務機器 (例：コピー機およびプリンター)で広く使用されているポリイミドトナー定着チューブで世界最高のシェア (40％)を有する I.S.T (Industrial Summit Technology)である｡ I.S.Tがポリイミドトナー定着チューブ製品の開発・販売を通じて, ど のようにしてグローバル市場の競争優位を獲得したのか, その歴史的な展開から明らかにする｡ インタビュー調査からはI.S.Tが競争力のあるグローバルヒドゥンチャンピオン(Global Hidden Champion)になった主要な要因が, コアコンピタンス, 戦略的ネットワーク, リスクマネジメント, 従業員エンゲージメント, 創業者の起業家精神による従業員とのビジョンの 共有といった５つにあることが判明した｡ 企業の将来像を従業員と共有することはグローバルヒドゥンチャンピオンになるための第一歩である｡ しかし, そのためには, 他社と差別化できる企業固有のコアコンピタンスをもたなければならず, それにはグローバル市場における際立った専門性を確立することが求められる｡ 一方で, 持続的な競争力を維持するためには, 外部組織との戦略的ネットワークを通じ, 経営資源の不足といった中小企業の弱点を補完すると同時に, 強みをさらに強化する必要がある｡ このプロセスでは他社に強みを奪われないためのリスクマネジメントが重要となる｡ また, 組織パフォーマンスに対する従業員エンゲージメントの影響の重大性を確認しなければならない｡ 従業員のエンゲージメントを高めるためには, 企業の歴史と個性に合った理想的な組織文化を構築する必要がある｡ そうした組織文化は従業員に自身の創造的な発想を実現するような取り組みを促すことになる｡

The consumer is living in the frame which is called a city and is leading life through "the purchase act". As for there not being "the purchase act", our life doesn't stand up. It is possible to say that the retail trade it therefore occupies the mailbox which is important in the urban function. However, as for former research, the functional model about the retail trade in the city leaned to the gross income of the customer development degree of each retail store and the retail trade in the city and the overall show of the model of "the role of the retail trade in the city" wasn't done. Therefore, at this article, it focuses on the retail business status, the chain store which has a multitude ready in the retail trade, and it has a purpose of seizing out boiling and considering and making a new hypothesis about how the retail trade which is one of the urban functions contributes to the city.

Multinational enterprises have adopted the form of business to successfully operate globally, and the overseas project has brought huge cultural exchange and penetration. The cultural liberalization also has improved the manufactured goods production and effect the consumers' purchase intentions. In this paper we focused on the influence factors that effected the cultural output, by investigating the actual consume market, using Structure Equation model(SEM model) to test the relationships among cultural preferences and purchase intentions of foreign products. Also, we evaluated the consumers' ethnocentrism's influences on cultural identity with other nations' cultural background. Lastly, we concluded that cultural identity has influences and complicate individual thoughts and purchase actions, it provides significance of impact of nation's soft power and whole economic development, and ethnocentrism has no significant influences on consuming foreign manufacture goods.

Human activities have been putting a great burden on the earth, leading to many serious problems, such as lack of resources, ecological degradation and air degradation. Although many countries have recognised this circumstance and have developed some sustainable development strategies, the earth still needs research on sustainability in different views and various industries. The nursing industry has grown with the ageing of the global population in recent years, and professional nursing institutions could relieve structural deterioration caused by the ageing population in family, social, economic and cultural. Hence, exploring the key criteria of organisational sustainability in the nursing industry is of the utmost priority. This paper puts forward an evaluation framework to identify the key criteria of organisational sustainability. After connections with nursing homes A and B in China, the author adopts literature research to confirm the criteria system which is based on triple bottom line, utilises analytical network process method to design the network hierarchy analysis model and importance comparison questionnaires to collect experts' first-hand data, and uses technical software - Super Decisions to integrate data and obtain final results. The results recommend three top-ranked criteria in the entire system, eco-recruitment, eco-procurement and corporate social responsibility are discussed with some professional suggestions in the end. The limitations are also extended in the last chapter to provide future research perspectives.

Struggle refers to the process of overcoming various difficulties for a goal. The spirit of struggle is a positive attitude and reaction reflected in the process of struggle. Cultivating the spirit of struggle of college students is the call of the new era. In essence, the cultivation of the spirit of struggle is a process of learning, which is in line with Bandura's Observation Learning Theory(Bandura, 1977):Attention, Maintenance, Reproduction and Motivation. The cultivation of College Students' spirit of struggle in the new era is also a learning process of enriched experience. It is necessary to cultivate the spirit of struggle into the soul of college students and make it become a habit of students. Moreover, it is crucial to carry out adaptive transformation of Bandura's observation learning theory. By studying the mechanism of the spirit of struggle of college students, taking innovation and entrepreneurship education as a means, and aiming at cultivating the connotation of President Xi's thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era, this paper constructs the AIST model for cultivating the spirit of struggle of college students in the new era. This model includes online learning acceptance platform(Acceptance), classroom experience stimulation platform(Inspiration), iterative training solidified platform (Solidification), and competition practice transfer platform(Transfer). The purpose of this model is to provide a practical way for universities to fulfill the fundamental task of moral education and cultivate qualified socialist builders and successors. The number of students using the online learning acceptance platform ranked the first among that of the similar courses in China; The classroom experience stimulation platform and the iterative training solidified platform support each other, with an effective rate of 97%; The competition practice transfer platform has realized the continuous growth of the number of awards won in competitions for three years. The direction of future efforts is to establish the external mechanism of the spirit of struggle, to ensure the effectiveness of classroom experience and iterative training, to cultivate teachers with coaching skills, and to accurately measure the transformation point of external and endogenous motivation.

The purpose of this study is to summarize recent research on new product development (NPD) and to examine the direction of future research on NPD. In recent years, product development has also become more diversified due to the formation and disappearance of new markets, the increasing commoditization of products, and the emergence of new technological infrastructures such as ICT and crowdsourcing. In addition, NPD research is also in a situation where new research is emerging along with the progress of research in related areas, such as open innovation and customer participation. On the other hand, research on NPD has become increasingly fragmented into themes related to NPD as research progresses, making it more difficult to grasp the overall picture of NPD research, although review articles on NPD have been written. Not many review articles have been written in a way that goes beyond the individual themes of NPD research. However, even though it is impossible to look at NPD research as a whole, this study believe that by daring to conduct an exhaustive review of recent NPD research, rather than individual issues, and by understanding the types of discussions that have taken place in recent NPD research, this study can identify areas that require further discussion. Based on the above, the purpose of this study is to comprehensively examine and organize the topics and issues that have been dealt with in recent NPD research, point out the topics that have not been adequately dealt with in previous research, and indicate the direction of future research. This study found that (1) half of the previous studies this study reviewed dealt with the topic of collaboration in NPD, (2) existing studies on NPD assume that the purpose of NPD is to gain competitive advantage through differentiation, but the formation of the market itself through NPD has not been discussed However, it became clear that there has been no discussion of the formation of the market itself through NPD. While the formation and disappearance of new markets has become a common phenomenon in recent years as the competitive environment changes more and more rapidly, the formation of new markets through NPD may also be discussed as a new research area of NPD. However, the formation of new markets through NPD could be discussed as a new research area of NPD. This study examined the possibility of discussing the formation of new markets through NPD by using market category studies.