1) 공기양이 증가함에 따라 성문하압(Psub)은 증가하였으나, 성문저항(R)은 감소하였다. 2) 공기양이 증가함에 따라 소리 크기(Intensity)는 증가하였다. 3) 공기양이 증가함에 따라 성문개방율(OQ)은 증가하였다. 4) 가성영역(falsetto)에서 공기양의 증가는 기본 주파수(Fo)를 증가시켰으나, 지성영역 (modal)에서는 일률적인 변화를 보이지 않았다. 5) 갑상피열분지(TA branch)를 함께 자극했을 때(modal)는 그렇지 않을 때(falsetto)에 비하여, 성문하압(Psub), 성문저항(R), 소리 크기(intensity), 기본주파수(Fo)는 모두 증가하였으나, 성문개방율(OQ)은 감소하였다.

The vocal pitch is controlled by the tension, mass, and length of the vocal fold. It is well known that cricothyroid approximation raises the vocal pitch by simulating the contraction of the cricothyroid muscle, and there were so many reports that have noted a relationship between cricothyroid distance and pitch control, but there does not seem to be any single generally accepted theory to account for this connection. It is generally known that the strap muscles are active during low and falling Fo, and the suprahyoid muscles are active during high and raising Fo. These findings can be related to a general picture of the motion of the larynx during changes in Fo, the cricothyroid joint would tend to lengthen the vocal folds, as the larynx moves up and forward, and relax them as it moves back and down. In this study, we suggest that the relationship between anterior cricothyroid distance and fundamental frequency of the larynx was so complex according to the level of larynx and vertebral curvature. The higher the level of larynx, the wider the cricothyoid distance, but there is more greater fundamental frequency even though more wide cricothyroid distance. This phono-menon seems to be due to the multifactors, especially the vertical tension of the conus elasticus or the change of cricothyroid articulation. It is generally known that the crocothyoid and vocal is muscles are very closely related to pitch elevation, but sternohyoid muscle seems to be more closely related to pitch lowering. By this electromyographic studies, the sternohyoid muscle have dual activity to pitch control, increased activity during the low fundamental frequency and falling pitch, but also increased activity during the higher fundamental frequency and raising pitch at least in this study.

Previous studies reveal that in English there is no EMG evidence fur the feature tense-lax distinction. The technique of electro-myography(EMG) was used to see if the existing claim holds true, particularly in unstressed syllable. It was found that in unstressed syllable, the peak EMG amplitude from the orbicularis oris superior muscle was significantly greater in /p/ than in /b/, while in stressed syllable this difference was negligible. It was hypothesized that in stressed syllable, /p/ and /b/ may be differentiated by the EMG activities from a muscle other than the orbicularis oris superior muscle, e.g. the respiratory muscles relating to 'aspiration' or depressor anguli oris muscle. In Korean, there was a clear labial gestures for the feature tense-lax distinction. The phoneme-sensitive manifestation of stress and some possible reasons for the inter-speaker variability in the data and the variability within a given speaker were discussed.

We report the clinical treatment experience of a case with severe lateralization articulation disorder especially in /ㅅ/, who was treated with using a dynamic palatogram. The patient was 16-year-old male patient and he was taken several attempts of traditional speech therapy without improvement The authors tried to treat him with newly designed dynamic palatogram for two period with good results. We are going to review brief clinical experience with the patient and discuss the effectiveness and indications of the dynamic palatogram. In this study, we can summarize the effect of treatment as follows; Lateralization of the /ㅅ/ was improved markedly with using the dynamic palatogram, and we thought the improvement was achieved mainly by visual feedback control.

Though normal vocal cords show regular vibration, pathologic vocal cords show irregularity between peaks. Jitter means fluctuation in the time interval between peaks, and Shimmer means cycle to cycle variation in the amplitude of the peaks. We investigated the vocal vibration of Korean normal persons objectively. The fundamental frequency, Jitter, Shimmer and SNR(signal to noise ratio) of normal persons were compared with that of vocal Polyp Patients with CSpeech Program for the possibility of distinguishing the pathologic vocal vibration from normal. The results were as follows ; Comparing the fundamental frequency of vocal Polyp Patients with normal persons, great change was noted only in female cases. But the Jitter and Shimmer of vocal polyp patients were greater than normal significantly in both male and female cases. SNR was lower than normal in vocal polyp patients. In the conclusion, fundamental frequency, Jitter, Shimmer and SNR might be meaningful parameters distinguisuing pathologic vibration from normal.

The formants of the 9 Korean standard vowels(which used by the average people of Seoul, central-area of the Korean peninsula) were measured by analysis with the linear predictive coding(LPC) and fast Fourier transform(FFT). The author already had reported the constriction area for the Korean standard vowels, and with the existing data, the distance from glottis to the constriction area in the vocal tract of each vowel was newly measured with videovelopharyngograms and lateral Rontgenograms of the vocal tract. We correlated the formant frequencies with the distance from glottis to the constriction area of the vocal tract. Also we tried to correlate the formant frequencies with the position of tongue in the vocal tract which is divided into 2 categories : The position of tongue in oral cavity by the distance from imaginary palatal line to the highest point of tongue and the position in pharyngeal cavity by the distance from back of tongue to posterior pharyngeal wall. This study was performed with 10 adults(male : 5, female : 5) who spoke primary 9 Korean standard vowels. We had already reported that the Korean vowel [i], [e], $[{\varepsilon}]$ were articulated at hard palate level, [$\dot{+}$], [u] were at soft palate level, [$\wedge$] was at upper pharynx level and the [$\wedge$], [$\partial$], [a] in a previous article. Also we had noted that the significance of pharyngeal cavity in vowel articulation. From this study we have concluded that ; 1) The F$_1$ is related with the oral cavity articulated vowel [i, e, $\varepsilon$, $\dot{+}$, u]. 2) Within the oral cavity articulated vowel [i, e, $\varepsilon$, $\dot{+}$, u] and the upper pharynx articulated vowel [o], the F$_2$ is elevated when the diatance from glottis to the constriction area is longer. But within the lower pharynx articulated vowel [$\partial$, $\wedge$, a], the F$_2$ is elevated when the distance from glottis to the constriction area is shorter. 3) With the stronger tendency of back-vowel, the higher the elevation of the F$_1$ and F$_2$ frequencies. 4) The F$_3$ and F$_4$ showed no correaltion with the constriction area nor the position of tongue in the vocal tract 5) The parameter F$_2$- F$_1$, which is the difference between F$_2$ frequency and F$_1$ frequency showed an excellent indicator of differenciating the oral cavity articulated vowels from pharyngeal cavity articulated vowels. If the F$_2$-F$_1$ is less than about 600Hz which indicates the vowel is articulated in the pharyngeal cavity, and more than about 600Hz, which indicates that the vowel is articulated in the oral cavity.

The authors observed the clinical status of 29 patients with vocal cord paralysis caused by tumor from April, 1983 to September, 1993 at Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yongdong Severance hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine. The results were as follows: 1) In the kinds of neoplasms, the most frequent were lung Ca. with 13 cases(44.8%), followed by 8 cases by thyroid Ca., 3 cases by neurogenic tumor, 2 cases by mediastinum tumor, cervical esophagus Ca., tracheal Ca., glomus jugulare were 1 case each. 2) In sex distribution, there were 18 cases of males and 11 cases of females with the male to female ratio being 1.8:1. In age distribution, most of the cases(10 cases ; 34.5%) were in the 7th decade. 3) In chief complaints, most of the cases(17 cases : 58.6%) had hoarseness only and aspiration, stridor, dyspnea, cough, dysphagia were present in some cases. 4) In site of the paralysed vocal cord, 21 cases were in the left cord. 5 cases in the right cord and 3 cases in the both cords. 5) In the position of paralysed vocal cord, most of the cases(23 cases : 79.3%) were in the parmedian position.

Anterior glottic webs shorten the free margins of the vocal cords and prevent air flow at their locations, thereby changing the potential vibratory characteristics of the vocal system. They are now more often iatrogenic from endolaryngeal surgical procedures, complications of intubation, chronic inflammation or due to penetrating and blunt trauma to the larynx. A wide range of treatment procedures are now available but the solution to acquiring a "normal" voice has remained elusive due to reflectory stenosis and scar formation. We present our recent experiences with glottic web in nine cases using KTP-532 laser vaporization and endolaryngeal silastic keel insertion technique. Postoperative speech assessment in our cases showed significant improvement in voice quality of 7 of 9 cases studied(77.8%), and no specific problems were not seen.

Thyroplasty type III provides an effective mean of shortening the vocal fold. It is used primarily fer lowering vocal pitch. The indications for this surgery are the male patients with too high a vocal pitch of long duration which has proven resistant to voice therapy and a type of dysphonia characterized by high pitch and a breathy voice, in which the laryngeal findings include a very narrow glottal chink and a small amplitude of vibration, suggesting a stiff vocal cord. In this study, we have experienced two cases of high pitched voice, one is mutational falsetto and other is high pitched, breathy voice with stiff vocal fold. The results were satisfactorily successful with type III thyroplasty. So we report the cases of type III thyroplasty in patients of dysphonia with high pitched voice.