This study was conducted to investigate the effect of shading degree and rooting media on the growth of Caragana sinica and Sedum middendorffianum after cutting. In C. sinica, the highest rooting rate was obtained in cuttings planted in horticultural soil (Sunshine Mix #1) and peat moss mixture (peat moss : perlite = 1 : 1, v/v) under one layer of 35% shading and in cuttings planted in kanumatsuchi soil mixture (kanumatsuchi soil : decomposition of granite = 1 : 1, v/v) under non-shading. Whereas, regardless of shading degree, most cuttings of S. middendorffianum rooted in both horticultural soil and peat moss mixture. Cuttings of C. sinica showed the highest root length, 10.4cm in kanumatsuchi soil mixture under one layer of 35% shading but the highest fresh and dry weight of roots in kanumatsuchi soil mixture under non-shading. In S. middendorffianum, the highest root length, fresh and dry weight of root were obtained in cuttings planted in horticultural soil under non-shading. With these results, we recommended that cuttings of C. sinica should be propagated in kanumatsuchi soil mixture under non-shading and cuttings of S. middendorffianum in horticultural soil under non-shading.

This study was conducted to investigate the selected chemical properties of soils in Saururus chinensis Baill (Chinese lizard's tail) cultivation fields to provide optimal fertilizer application rates and to examine the growth and pharmaco-consitituents of Saururus chinensis Baill as influenced by different amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications. Based on the results of selected soil chemical properties in 37 cultivation sites of the plant, soil pH, organic matter content, and exchangeable $K^{+}$ concentration were lower than optimal values for cultivating general medicinal crops even though relatively high standard deviations were found in some of the values. At the harvesting stage of the plant aerial parts, soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), available $P_2O_5$, and exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^{+}$ decreased as comparing with those before transplanting the plant, whereas the concentration of exchangeable $K^{+}$ increased in the plot treated with N 100% and compost. Fresh weight of the plant aerial parts were highest, 492.5kg/10, in the N 100% treatment plot. Correlation equation between N levels treated (X) and yield of the plant aerial parts (Y) presented as $Y=-2.1609X^2+30.082X+344.12$($R^2= 0.7113$) and the optimal rate of N fertilizer application for the plant was 6.6kg/10a. Carbon concentrations in the plant were not different among the different N levels applied. N and K concentrations in the plant were highest in the plot of N 100% with compost applications, the highest P concentration was in N 100% plot, and the highest Ca and S concentrations were in N 200% plot. Quercetin and quercitrin were highest in the N 150% plot and tannin was highest in N 100% or N 100% with compost application plot.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of enhanced light transmission on plant growth, photosynthetic ability, and disease tolerance to leaf blight, anthracnose in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Araliacease family) during the early growth stage (April to June). The photosynthetic ratio, stomatal conductance, and stem diameter of plants grown under a shade net with 15% light transmission rate showed an increasing trend compared to the control plants (5% light transmission rate) although the growth of the aerial parts were not influenced significantly. Plant height, stem length, and leaf length of treated plants were not significantly different from those of the control plants. Root parameters, such as root length, diameter, and weight of treated plants increased significantly compared to the control. Yield performance ($187.4kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) of treated plants was 55.5% higher than that of the control ($150.4kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$). Additionally, disease severity scores of treated plants were lower than those of the control plants, revealing higher survival rates. To retain high yield potential and enhance the level of disease tolerance in ginseng, we suggest the increase of light transmission rate during the early growth stage.

This study was carried out to have the basic and applied informations relating to develop the cultivation methods and to increase the productivity and quality of ginseng. 1 to 6 year old ginsengs of Jakyung cultivar were cultivated and the content and synthetic amount of carbohydrates were investigated with different plant tissues, growth stages, and years old. The concentration of total carbohydrates at six year old ginseng including water soluble and water insoluble carbohydrates was about 18.9%, 42.9%, and 43,6% in leaves, tap roots, and lateral roots, respectively. Water soluble carbohydrate of tap and lateral roots was slightly decreased from August until September, and then increased on November, whereas its water insoluble carbohydrate was increased from August to September and then decreased on November. Comparing with the content of carbohydrates of 1 to 6 year old ginsengs, it was continuously increased from one year old ginseng until five year old ginseng, however it was not increased much in six year old ginseng. The highest content of carbohydrates was at five year-old in all tissues of ginseng. Water soluble and water insoluble carbohydrates were significantly shown different in leaves, stems, tap roots, and lateral root at different growth stages and with different years old. The content of water soluble carbohydrate in the leaves was remarkedly higher compared to that of water insoluble carbohydrate, while in the root the content of water insoluble carbohydrate was clearly higher compared to the water soluble carbohydrate. Comparing with the synthetic amount of carbohydrates, water soluble carbohydrates was higher in the shoot than that in the root, whereas water-insoluble carbohydrates higher in the root than that in the shoot. Carbohydrates which would be utilized in ginseng tissues for short and long-term periods as major energy were appeared differently in between shoot and root, with different growth stages, and years old.

Dendrobium loddigesii (DL) is a valuable and versatile herbal medicine with the anecdotal claims of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the whitening effects of DL under various conditions with B16F10 melanoma cells. The DL extract inhibited melanin contents and tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner, compared with untreated group. Treatment of the DL extract effectively suppressed the ${\alpha}$-MSH-stimulated melanin formation, tyrosinase activity and dendrite outgrowth. Moreover, the ${\alpha}$-MSH-induced mRNA expressions of tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and protein expression of tyrosinase were significantly attenuated by DL treatment. These results indicate that DL may be a great cosmeceutical ingredient for its whitening effects.

This study was conducted to obtain the basic data related to seed characteristics and germination conditions of the Coriandrum sativum L. at different storage condition and temperature. The shape of fruit was oval with light brown color. Fruit was mericarp, biloculate, with one ovule in each locus. The length and width of seed were $1.37{\pm}0.067mm$ and $0.52{\pm}0.039mm$, respectively. Weight of 1,000 seeds was $6.55{\pm}0.15g$. Seeds which were stored at room ($15^{\circ}C$) and cold temperature ($4^{\circ}C$) in vinyl container showed the highest germination rate (93.3%) under the room temperature germination condition. Percentage of germination in cold and freeze temperature was 20% and 0%, respectively. Germination rate of room storage seeds with paper container increased to about 91.3%, however, decreased in cold ($4^{\circ}C$) and freeze storage ($-20^{\circ}C$) with paper container (76.7% and 78.0%, respectively). Germination rate of seed in vinyl stock container was better than that of paper stock container. Germination rate of seeds stored at room temperature for 4 years (2010 - 2013) ranged from 80.0% to 91.3%. Therefore, coriander seeds are expected to be stored at room temperature for increasing the germination rate and keeping a long term.

This study had been conducted to investigate the effect of some plant growth regulators inducing fruit enlargement and optimal harvest time in Sageretia thea. Two hundred fifty $mg/{\ell}$ mepiquat chloride treatment, $1mg/{\ell}$ thidiazuron treatment on full bloom, and $200mg/{\ell}$ gibberellic acid treatment on 7 days before full bloom resulted in the increase of 21.7% in weight, and $200mg/{\ell}$ gibberellic acid treatment 7 days before full bloom, 10$mg/{\ell}$ forchlorfenuron treatment 14 days after full bloom, and $1mg/{\ell}$ thidiazuron treatment on full bloom also brought about positive effects on the enlargement of the fruit, increasing 6.3%, 6.3% and 8.1% in its transverse diameter, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of the plant growth regulator treatments on the harvest time of Sageretia thea were determined as follows: the increase in the optimal harvest time of 57.2 - 75.4%, shorter maturation period, by the treatments with $500mg/{\ell}$ mepiquat chloride 7 days after full bloom, $100mg/{\ell}$ gibberellic acid treatment on full bloom, $2.5mg/{\ell}$ forchlorofenuron 7 days after full bloom and $2mg/{\ell}$ thidiazuron treatment 7 days before full bloom; and the greater effects of plant growth regulator treatments on the fruit maturation in the following order, gibberellic acid > thidiazuron > forchlorofenuron > mepiquat chloride. The results of this study are expected to be used as a reference data to develop Sageretia thea as a new local specific crop for Jeju island.

The objective of this study was to establish the optical storage condition in cutting slips of Lycium chinense Mill. We investigated the different influential growth factor of this plant including two soil types (soil and vermiculite) and storage methods (gauze, parafilm, vinyl, and paper). Our result revealed that the formation of axillary bud was highest ($4.8{\pm}0.75ea$) from the cutting slips stored in vinyl and vermiculite treatment. Root length was long ($2.8{\pm}0.13ea$) in parafilm storage using soil. Maximum plant height was $135.33{\pm}12.81cm$ with gauze storage using vermiculite. The number of leaves was maximum ($130{\pm}2.5ea$) at 90 days from the cutting slips of gauze storage using vermiculite. Highest number of fruit was harvested ($149{\pm}16.05ea$) from the cutting slips stored in parafilm and grown in vermiculite. It can be concluded that the storage treatment and soil type influence the affecting to general growth of Lycium chinense Mill.

Lepisorus thunbergianus (Kaulf.) Ching has been used in folk medicine in Korea. In this study, a L. thunbergianus methanol extract and its fractions were investigated for their antioxidant properties. The results showed that the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of L. thunbergianus possess potent DPPH radical scavenging activities. Both fractions also possessed reducing power and inhibited reactive oxygen species formation. In addition, the cytotoxic activity of the L. thunbergianus n-hexane fraction (HF) was investigated. The results suggested that the HF remarkably suppressed proliferation of human breast, liver and colon cancer cells. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that L. thunbergianus extract induces apoptosis in SW620 cells, suggesting that L. thunbergianus may have potential as a therapeutic agent for colon cancer.