Background: This study had been carried out with 18 ischemic stroke patients as its object for about eight months from October, 2006 to May, 2007 in order to observe the recovery of motor function and the change of important blood factors according to the different quantitative exercises. Methods: Subjects were assigned randomly either experimental group (n＝19) or the control group (n＝19), when the study began the halfway on this study dropout 20 patients, and final subjects remained experimental group's 9 patients and control group's 9 patients. Both groups received thermotherapy and functional electrical stimulation (FES), also taken different quantitative exercise therapy (experimental group 180 minutes, control group 80 minutes). Subjects were assessed for upper and lower extremities motor function Fugl－Meyer Scale; FMS), blood test (white blood count; WBC, low density lipoprotein －cholesterol; LDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C, Troponin) during pretest, after 2 months, after 3 months. Results: The results of this study were as follows; 1. FMS has no statistically significant difference with intergroup(p>.05). But there was a statistically significant difference with each groups (p<.05). 2. WBC has no statistically significant difference with intergroup (p>.05). But there was a statistically significant difference in control group (p<.05), without experimental group (p>.05). 3. LDL-C has no statistically significant difference with intergroup (p>.05). But there was a statistically significant difference in control group (p<.05), without experimental group (p>.05). 4. HDL-C has no statistically significant difference with intergroup (p<.05). But there was a statistically significant difference with each groups (p>.05). 5. Troponin Ⅰ has no statistically significant difference with intergroup (p>.05). Also there was no statistically significant difference with each groups (p>.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that different quantitative exercises has no effect on FMS, LDL-C, HDL-C, WBC, Troponin Ⅰ with ischemic stroke patients. But the treatment period that there's less correlation between the recovery of motor function and the different quantitative exercise, also less correlation between the change of important blood factors and the different quantitative exercises with ischemic stroke patients.

Background: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the norepinephrine－induced nociceptive effects by monitoring catecholamines and its metabolites in human body. Methods: To exam the antisympathetic effect from the healthy volunteer(male:15, female:15) by monitoring changes of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, metanephrine, normetanephrine, and others of urine, a comparative study with warm water immersion ($40.8{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$) and infrared (250W) was carried out. Results: The urinalysis showed that the concentration of epinephrine and norepinephrine were significantly decreased by both warm water immersion－and infrared－stimulated group of urine in 24 hours. Conclusion: Therefore, these results suggest that the diminished responsiveness on the epinephrine and norepinephrine to warm water immersion and infrared in volunteer may be, in part, related by the increased of antisympathetic effects.

Background: The purposes of this study were to examine whether “Berg Balance Sale(BBS)” had influence on the improvement of stroke patient's balancing ability, and to identify whether the effects had significant differences to these three groups that different frequency of BBS evaluation. Subjects were divided into three groups, a daily evaluating group (n＝12), weekly evaluating group (n＝12), and group that evaluating when admit and discharge (n＝12). Methods: All patients were treated general neurorehabilitative physical therapy for daily during 4 weeks. All patients of these groups were evaluated balance function by using of BBS balance testing tool. Results: At the first week and after 4 weeks, balance function that of these groups was improved significantly (p<,05). Especially, daily evaluating group was improved the most. In the comparison differences between 3 groups, daily evaluating group and weekly evaluating group, daily evaluating group and group that evaluating when admit and discharge were exhibited differences significantly. But there was no significant difference between weekly evaluating group and group that evaluating when admit and discharge. Conclusion: According to the results as presented above, testing method, BBS is effects on stroke patient's balancing ability considerably. And if BBS which can apply evaluate balance function properly apply with conventional neurorehabilitative physical therapy, stroke patients would obtain significant effects on the improvement of balancing ability.

Background: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of resistance exercise on static and dynamic proprioception by applying elastic bands to the knee flexor, which can be performed earlier than proprioception, a weight bearing pattern. Proprioceptive training may be applied to the early period of recuperation training along with resistance exercise to prevent damage to the knees and the joints in the lower body, as well as the reoccurrence of injury, which is expected to improve the effect of static and dynamic proprioceptive training. Methods: The subjects of this study were 32 men and women in their 20s who volunteered to participate in the experiment which was carried out over the course of 6 weeks from March 14 to April 24 at K Hospital located in Yongin City. They were tested in two groups: the elastic band resistance exercise group (RE: Resistance Excercise Group, n＝17) and the joint motion range exercise group(ROM: Range of Motion Group, n＝15). In this experiment, static and dynamic proprioceptive tests were given to both groups before and after the test. In this study, SPSS Win ver.12.0 was utilized to perform a T-test on the independent samples in order to validate the identical features of subjects in the RE and ROM Group and substantiate the significance as to the difference between both groups before and after the test. Also, a paired T-test was conducted to compare the static and dynamic proprioception of both groups before and after the test. The statistical significance levels were ${\alpha}$＝.05. Results: 1.The static proprioception in both groups, RE and ROM, increased in a statistically significant way after the test(p<.05). 2.The static propriocetion of the RE group increased in a statistically significant way after the test(p<.05). However, the increase of the static proprioception in the ROM group was not statistically significant. 3.Static and dynamic proprioception of the RE group increased significantly more than that of the ROM group after the test(p<.05). Conclusion: The resistance exercise using elastic bands improved the static and dynamic proprioception more than the joint motion range exercise did, reducing the risk of injury by enhancing the location sense of the joints and the sense of motion and shortening the period of recovery from injury. The outcome of the experiment may provide basic data for developing an effective way to reduce the risk of injury among ordinary people and athletes.

Background: The purpose of this study is to determine how the cognitive state of the elderly influences the activities of daily living(ADL) in order to increase their achievement capacity and their ability to exercise this capacity in daily life. The MMSE-K(Mini-Mental State Examination-Korean) was used to evaluate the daily activities and cognitive state of a group of subjects more than 65 years of age. The goal was to understand (1) How their achievement level in their daily activities changes according to the increase and decrease of their cognition points by analyzing and comparing their achievement points in the mental state examination, and (2) What variables influence that daily achievement level. Methods: The survey was conducted by a group of students from AnSan College who were trained for this method of data collection. The group surveyed 224 senior citizens older than 65 to determine their ADL performance. The subjects were selected from Silver Care Centers in the Gyounggi Province area including centers in Suwon, Anyang, Kwachun, and Sanbon City. The subjects were given enough information to fully understand the purpose of the study and the method by which it would be conducted. The survey method was a direct interview: which involved an interviewer reading the questionnaire to the subject and recording the answer. Result: The following results were calculated using SPSS WIN ver. 13.0: In the lower score of the MMSE-K regarding ADL performance (K-MBI) for activities such as individual hygiene, bathing activity, food activity, toilet management, going up stairs, getting dressed ad undressed, controlling stools and urination, walking, and chair/bed movement, most of the subjects responded that they could not perform these activities by themselves (p<.01). In the higher scores for the same activities, most response that they could perform the tasks by themselves (p<.01). In the results of the multiple regression analysis, there influence of the variables for ADL performance (K-MBI) and MMSE-K score was higher for females than males. Conclusion: This study evaluated the cognitive state of the elderly using the MMSE-K, which is the most convenient method, and examined how the cognitive state influences the achievement capacity of the daily lives with other variables. In conclusion, the higher the score on the MMSE-K, the more independent the elders are in the activities of daily living, especially among women more than men.

Background: The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of quadriceps femoris taping in normal gait using 3D motion capture technique. Method: Twenty healthy volunteers, have no musculoskeletal problems, were recruited as subjects for this study. In experimental group, 10 males (mean age : 23.6${\pm}$.40) and 10 females (mean age : 21.3${\pm}$.36) were included. Methods of therapeutic taping that taping of patellar inferior and medial gliding and quadriceps. To obtain the dynamic data, we captured the motion of subject attached markers without taping during repeated gaits five times or more in 7 m Capture volume of gait analysis center. The result was obtained as a mean value in three times. After taping on quadriceps femoris, the same procedure was carried out. Statistical analyses were performed using statistical software packagess SPSS WIN 12.0(SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Differences were tested for statistical significance using paired t-test, independent t-test, chi-squared test for comparisons between the male and female. Results: The date of 20 subjects who carried out the whole experimental course were statistically analyzed. 1. gait velocity was showed that female group had more significantly increased than male group(p<.05). 2. step length was showed that female group had more significantly increased than male group(p<.05). 3. step width was showed that female group had more significantly increased than male group(p<.05). Conclusion: Elastic taping on quadriceps femoris promoted cadence, gait velocity, step length and step width in normal subject group.

Background: This article reviewed the current status of home-based physical therapy infrastructure in long term care insurance and then solved the problem. Method: We used two forms of data that were acquired from ⅰ) the Ministry of Health & Welfare and the Family and National Health Insurance Corporation, ⅱ) a home-visiting health care program, and ⅲ) evaluation data from the Korea Health Industry Development Institute. The home-based physical therapy program was then analyzed. Results: The role and concept of home-based physical therapy was not clearly established. There were few home-based physical therapy programs in the community. The manpower of home-based physical therapists in the home-visiting health care program was very low. The role between home-visiting nurses (caregivers) and home-based physical therapists was mixed. Research and promotion regarding home-based physical therapy was poor. Conclusion: To establish a system of legal, long-term care insurance, we must increase the manpower of home-based physical therapists and the amount of research pertaining to the demand for home-based physical therapy.

Background: The purpose of this study were to identify the physical therapist's turnover experience in Busan Metropolitan city and its related general factors, and to investigate the turnover, moving-in and out rate. Methods: First Data were collected from 102 physical therapists who working in Busan Metropolitan city using structured questionnaires and then second data collected from who call to directly. Results: Physical therapists expressed high level of turnover experience. Physical therapist's turnover experience was significantly different by their age, marital status, sex, working place and career. In proportion of the total increasing rate of physical therapist and turnover rate was increased. Conclusion: To prevent or reduce physical therapist's turnover rate, more research about causal relationships of physical therapist's turnover should studied.

Background: The purpose of this study was to present a practical method of medical treatment to improve the balance and motor ability of the mentally retarded child with a single mentally retarded child-subject. Methods: The subject of the study was a 39-month-old mentally retarded female. This study included a 2-week basic period and a 13-week treatment period. The treatment method was based on the Bobath Approach. Gross motor function measurement (GMFM) was used to examine changes in motor ability, and the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) was used to measure changes in balance ability. The curative program was composed of normalization of muscle tone, strengthening of leg endurance and muscular strength, the improvement of trunk alignment, and the increase of balance. Visual rate of change was used to examine the results. Results: As a result of this study, balance ability increased on the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) by 24 points, and motor function increased in terms of Gross Motor Function Measurement (GMFM) by 6.9% (18 points). Standing increased by 41% (16 points), and walking, running, and jumping increased by 31.9% (23 points) compared to thebasic period. Therefore, the Bobath Approach appears to be an appropriate method to improve balance and motor ability in mentally retarded children. Conclusion: It is surmised that aggressive intervention by physical therapists and occupational therapists, and a follow-up study, are required for the growth of motor ability in mentally retarded children.

Background: Hemiplegic patients usually have difficulty maintaining balance. Balance training is a major component of there habilitation program for patients with neurological impairment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of PLS(Posterior Leaf Spring), FES(Functional Electrical stimulation), treadmill training, and neurodevelopmental treatment on the improvement of balance in patients with hemiplegia. Methods: We looked into published studies from Dankook University’s electronic library databases of RISS4U, KMbase, NCBI, and MEDLIS concerning the effectiveness of any form of intervention leading to improvement of balance. All types of studies relevant to the topic that were published in English during the time period of 1986 to 2005 were included. Results: 1. There were significant differences in standing balance, dynamic activity balance, and gait speed between barefoot subjects and subjects who wore SPAFO and HPAFO(p<.05). 2. The changes in ROM and FRT related to sex, age, height, and weight part of the diagnosis, as well as experience relapse, was of meaningless value. Changes in ROM related to the duration of pain and experiences of falling down were also meaningless. However, FRT showed significant static differences(p<.05). 3. The body-weight-support treadmill training scoring of standing balance, step length, and a timed 10m walking test showed definite improvement. 4. The proprioceptive control approach improved dynamic balance in patients with hemiplegia. Conclusion: Consequently, further study is needed to verify methods when physical therapists are researching balance ability in hemiplegic patient.