Purpose : This study is to investigate the modulatory effects to the ultraviolet induced erythema of pain processing system. Methods : Thirty six healthy volunteers were divided into none treatment group (n=6), indomethacine group (n=6), subsensory level electrical stimulation group (n=6), sensory level electrical stimulation group (n=6), motor level electrical stimulation group (n=6), noxious level electrical stimulation group (n=6). Subjects were induced erythema for three times minimal erythema dose (MED) at upper arm of dermatome C6 level. Each experimental group had mechanical pain threshold (MPT), electrical pain threshold (EPT), thermal pain threshold (TPT). Results : This study revealed that we observed that pain thresholds were significantly correlated with each other in pain processing system. The effect of electrical stimulation levels evaluates were shown to be significant differences pain control effect in electrical stimulation group (sensory, motor level electrical stimulation groups) more than indomethacine group, subsensory level and control group. Conclusion : In this study, it was found that the effect of ultraviolet induced erythema of pain control by modulatory electrical stimulation.

Purpose : This study investigated the validity of crosswalk signal time length with regards to elderly stroke patients. Methods : We recruited 60 elderly adults sixty years of age or older for our study. The participants were divided into three groups.Group A consisted of 20 healthy participants with no walking aids. Group B consisted of 20 stroke patients with no walking aids. Group C consisted of 20 stroke patients using a cane as a walking aid. We measured the walking times of participants for 7 m, 14 m and 21 m lengths. Results : Using an independent t test, there was a statistically significant difference in the walking times between Group A and Group B for all lengths. There was a statistically significant difference in the walking times between Group A and Group C for all lengths. There was no statistically significant difference in the walking times between Group B and Group C. There was a statistically significant difference between the three group when using ANOVA. Conclusion : From the results of this study, we infer that the signal times at crosswalks are inappropriate for elderly stroke participants who use a cane as a walking aid. Therefore further research should be conducted to determine the appropriate amount of additional time needed for the elderly to safely cross the street.

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to compare the rehabilitation effects of hydrotherapy and Bobath therapy. Methods : The study was performed with patients of hemiparesis caused by cerebral stroke. The participants were divided into two groups based on random sampling method. One group received hydrotherapy while the other received Bobath therapy. Each rehabilitation program lasted 40 minutes a day, 5 days a week, for 6 weeks. Pertinent indicators-Berg's balance scale (BBS), gait parameter, and static balance analysis-were recorded before andafter the programs, as well as every 2 weeks during the rehabilitation programs Results : There was showed a significantly increase of BBS score. Static open and close showed statistically significant in interaction by time and groups. There was significant differences of gait velocity. Conclusion : These findings in this study that the hydrotherapy was effective therapy in improving balance and gait velocity.

Purpose : Purpose of this study was to investigate whether cervicothoracic posture was associated with scapula orientation and muscle activity during shoulder abduction. Methods : Cervicothoracic junction angle and thoracic kyphosis angle were measured in health twenty subjects. Then, scapular resting orientation and range of motion (upward/downward rotation, internal/external rotation) and muscle activity (upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior) was determined using motion capture system and surface electromyography while subjects performed shoulder abduction. Results : Cervicothoracic junction angle was significantly associated with range of motion of scapular internal/external rotation during shoulder abduction. Thoracic kyphosis angle was significantly associated with scapular resting orientation of upward/downward rotation and average IEMG of lower trapezius. Conclusion : The result of this study shows that poor cervicothoracic posture is relationship with altered scapular kinematics cause of shoulder dysfunction. These findings suggested that cervicothoracic posture may be considered in occupation and exercise including arm elevation over head as well as used as predict factor to estimate shoulder dysfunction.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of kinematic variables by analysis of a gait in older. Methods : This study selected nine in older adults with osteoarthritis. The Kinematic variables during walk were compared analyzed using motion analysis. Results : The findings of this study are as follows. Stance time showed significant difference within-subject groups and interaction within-subjects and time. The swing and stride time showed a no significant interaction within-subjects and time. Swing time showed a no significant difference according to time and within-subjects. Stride time showed a significant difference according to time. But, stride time showed a no significant difference according to within-subjects. Conclusion : These findings of this study indicate that when the patients with total knee arthroplasty decreased stability. Therefore, stance and stride time showed increase when walking, because to decrease the weight bearing that is delivered to knee. And swing time showed decrease.

Purpose : This study is to examine the effect of electrode size during transcranial direct current stimulation on hand function. Methods : By randomly assigning 26 right hand dominant subjects to two groups (I: carbon rubber electrode / II: disposable circular self-adhesive electrodes) with 13 subjects in each group depending on the electrode size, a positive electrodeof transcranial direct current stimulation was placed on the primary motor area (C4) and a negative electrode was placed on the left primary motor area (C3) and the stimulation was applied for 20 minutes.Hand function assessment before and after transcranial direct current stimulation were measured with JTT (Jebsen-Taylor hand function test). Results : According to hand function assessment by JTT, there were no interactions on both hands, and statistically significant differences according to time appeared in the main effect test. Conclusion : Regardless of the electrode size, it appears that transcranial direct current stimulation on the primary motor area activated hand function affected.

Purpose : This study is to supply basal data need to development of First-Aid education program for female college students of non-health department that we surveyed safety awareness practice, First-Aid knowledge, educational requirement and necessity of the female college students of health and non-health department. Methods : This date was collected from September 1th in 2012 until October 5th by 5 person selected of which explain to purpose and method of the writing. We distributed the subject questionnaire of total 410 and analyzed questionnaire 385 only. Results : The results of this study are follows. First, the health group was higher than non-health group in conductive score of safety awareness and score of First-Aid knowledge in female students and there was statistically significant difference. Second, There was significant difference in Economical state, Educational state of the Safety awareness Practice score and First-Aid knowledge score about the general characteristic of the female college students of health department. Third, there wasn't significant difference in most of all item of the Safety awareness Practice score and First-Aid knowledge score about the general characteristic of the female college students of non-health department. Conclusion : Finally, We found that the female college students of health department lower than the female college students of non-health department in First-Aid knowledge level and surveyed that they felt the needs of First-Aid education. Therefore, there are able to need the opening of a course in order to raise the quality of safety awareness and First-Aid knowledge or to needs construction of educational system in continuously.