Nature preservatio has been a main stream trend as the purpose and meaning of world's national park management since the definition of a national park was first adopted at the IUCN meeting in New Delhi in 1969. However, Korea's national parks have been managed in a direction opposed to that of the world trend. The internationally accepted meaning defines a national park is the most important system for nature conservation, where an ecosystem must be preserved in as much of a natural state as possible. It also defines a national park is a place where only the minimum amount of human intervention is allowed. The role of tourism, which was initially expected to play a significant role in national parks, has been reduced to the extent where tourism in national parks is allowed only to the point where conflicts arising from local socio-economic interests tied up to the tourism can be dealt with. From this perspective, Korea's national parks are being challenged to establish new relationship between mean and nature and to develop management based on ethical grounds for future generations.

These studies were carried out to investigate seed propagation method and conducted using stem cuttings of Styrax japonicus for using as a woody landscape plant. The results are obtained as follows. After the H\sub2\SO\sub 4\ and GA\sub 3\ treatment to the seeds of Styrax japonicus, three months of warm treatment followed by cold stratification for four months increased seed germination rate. The rooting rate of Styrax japonicus was increased by the treatment with concentrated IBA, especially highest at 7,000ppm. Rooting percentages were highest for cuttings taken on July 15, 1995. Therefore, the most effective method for rooting of Styrax japonicus was treatment with 7,000ppm IBA on July 15 cuttings, which showed rooting rate of over 90%. Half-leaf-remained cuttings were more effective than those with two leaves on rooting of Styrax japonicus. Dipping for 10 seconds in IBA solution resulted in rooting rate of over 70%. The longer the treatment time the worse the rooting.

This study compared Korean names of 449 herbaceous landscape plants with Chinese and Japanese names to identify the origin of their Korean names. The results were as follow ; 1. Korean herbaceous plants named after Chinese names were 71 species. They could be classified into 4 typical groups of their origin : plants named from slight or partial changes of Chinese names, plants with a prefix or suffix attached to Chinese names, plants having names translated from Chinese names, and plants with the same names as Chinese. 2. Korean herbaceous plants derived from Japanese names were 378 species. They also could be classified into 4 typical groups of their origin; plants with new names in partial combination of Japaneses and Korean names, plant having names directly translated from Japaneses names, plants with the same names as Japanese, and plants having names erroneously translated from Japaneses names.

Visibility has been used for Visual Impact Assessment and Buildingheight Control. The purpose of this study is to elaborate visibility analysis technique in GIS, and to design a visual information system baed on this technique for diverse application. The results of this study are as follows : 1) By classifying visibility analysis techniques into two groups, Each one's merits and demerits were investigated. Practically GIS visibility analysis by DTM model using contour map and investigating it by means of site-observation can be the most effective method. 2) A visibility analysis techniquwe for V.I.A. and B.H.C. was presented by studying GIS visibility analysis by means of DTM model using contour map. There were 5 problems. 3) Adequate analysis techniques were presented according to the landscape factor-road, ship-route, port, mountain, etc. 4) Viewing distance from road and ship-route in visual corridor, landma가 visibility and distance, the angle of incidence and invisible region's depth are helpful for land scape management or land use planning.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the administrative system of landscape construction during Chosun-Dynasty. This study is based on the analysis of historic documents including the Codes and the Chronicles published during Chosun-Dynasty. The landscape construction controlled by government during Chosun-Dynasty was mainly undertaken by the government office titled "Seon-Gong-Gam" undr the Ministry of Industry. There were two functions of the "Seon-Gong-Gam" : one was construction including building and landscape, the other was the supply of materials and technicians to the field of constructino work. The construction function was carried out through government office titled "Cha-Mun-Gam" was in charge of the construction works of inside Chang-Dog Palace, while "Five Units" classified by work were responsible for the works of outside Chand-Dog palace in Han-Yang. In view point of the activities and responsibilities of the above two divisions, : "Cha-Mun-Gam" and "Five Units", it is concluded that one of the functions of "Seon-Gong-Gam" was to construct and manage the royal gardens.

This study has conducted to analyze the crelationship among soil properties and to investigate how they affect soil physical characteristics and plant growth. The experiment of woody plant growth was conducted as follows : Type I was the original soil. Type II, the soil particles smaller than 20${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ was removed from the original soil. Type III, the soil particles is smaller than 75${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ was removed from original soil. Wisteria floribunda A.P.DC and Celtis sinensisi Pers. were used for plant growth measurement. 1. Soil type II. the closest to Fuller's curved line, showed high dry bulk density and low in soil pores and saturated hydraulic conductivities. This created poor soil aeration and limited space for the root to growth. When the root did not have sufficient space to grow, there was a lot of physical stress, which hindered the root growth. 2. Soil typeIII was high saturated hydraulic conductivity and a lot of soil pores larger than 10 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. As a result, there were more available spaces for root to spread. It was considered that there was less physical stress for root growth. Therefore, soil typeIII showed significantly greater root growth. 3. Because soil type III has less small particles and saturated hydraulic conductivity was high, and water infiltrates rapidly into the underground when there was rainfall or irrigation. The soil typeIII becomes much stronger soil mechanically due to the less small particles. Therefore, soil typeIII was a suitable material for applying on planting sites where soil compaction is expected.

This study was conducted to find out the hydroseeding timing of several herbaceous plants for the slope revegetation works. Four native plants and five introduced grasses were used for this experiment and were seeded on the cut slopes by hands in April, May, June, September and October. To identify the best seeding timing, germination percentage, ground covering rate, number of tillers and plant heights were investigated. There were wide differences in germination and ground covering rates of native plants are lower than those of cool-season foreign grasses and they show different germination rates according to seeding timing. Among them, Arundinella hirta var. ciliata shows the most apparent germinatin pattern according to seeding timing. 2. Seeding timing : Native plants tend to germinate well in May and June and cool-season foreign grasses in May and September. But Native plants show extremely low germination rates in autumn, so it is necessary to adjust the seeding rates when seeding in autumn. When seeding in May, it will be possible to use native plants-seed-mixture without using introduced foreign grasses. In sum, the best seeding timing of cool-season foreign grasses are May and September, and warm-season foreign grass is May and June. The best seeding timing of native plants seem to be in May and June.

The main purpose of this study was to develop a new method for evaluation of stream naturalness in order to appraise and prescribe for streams effectively in the process of ecological restoration of stream corridors. The results are as follows : 1) For this purpose six factors were selected on considering the spatial axes of stream corridor variation and total 20 descriptors about the physical structure were selected. 2) The calculation of S.N.I. for each segment was consisted of three steps, such as calculation of S.N.I.s of the individual descriptors, averaging all the descriptors's for each factor, and finally averaging the factors's for the Total S.N.I. 3) The evaluation unit was decided to be 100m size. The score system ranging 1~5 was adopted. Weighting parameters of factors were unified with each other. 4) A GIS model was adopted for classification, calculation, querying, analysing, and presenting S.N.I. information. And the format of S.N.I. maps including statistical graphs and other spatial watershed information was designed for the GIS odel. The naturalness of stream corridor was was investigated by the naturalness of habitat, and assessed by the descriptors focused on physical structure, therefore the S.N.I. can manifest prescriptions for restoration of the stream corridor. On the other hand because some evaluation factors such as water quality, water volume, fauna, flora, functions of stream exosystem has been excluded, S.N.I. could have some limits on representing the full aspects of stream naturalness. This evaluation method is hypothetical one, so it would be investigated through iterative applicatons.

교통의 발달 및 빈번한 문화와 정보의 교류는 옥외 recreation 활동 참여의 다양한 인종적 구성을 가져왔다. 이 연구의 목적은 옥외 recreation 활동의 하나인 스키장에서 이용 밀도에 대한 선호도를 문화·인종간의 혼잡규범적 차이로서 해석하는데 있다. 한국의 용평 스키장과 미국 Hunter Mt. 스키장에서 한국인, 주한 미국인, 미국인, 재미 한인 들을 대상으로 이용밀도에 관한 선호도를 측정하기 위한 설문조사를 실시한 결과, 1,157부의 설문지를 회수하여, 문화·인종간의 차이를 규명하기 위하여 Kruskal-Wallis test 실시하였다. 연구의 결과로서 재미한국인의 이용밀도에 대한 선호도가 동일 인종인 한국인집단보다 사회 문화적으로 공통성이 있는 미국인집단에 더 유사하였으며 그와 반대로 재한미국인집단은 동일 인종집단인 미국 집단과 차이가 없었다. 이 결과는 혼잡 규범으로서의 이용 밀도의 선호도가 이용자의 개인적 특성 및 인종적 특성뿐만이 아니라 문화인종적 특성에 영향을 받는다는 결론을 얻었다.

The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of brick paved under-surface soil physical properties which are changed by fixed trampling. Thus, a sandy loam which is known as a profitable soil for plants is used an experimental soil to study the changes of the soil physical properties. It is related to sand bed's thickness & particle size which are settled by experimental variable factors. According to the variation of sand bed's particle size, bulk density and soil hardness at natural dryed soilcondition result in 0.075~2.00mm>2.00~5.00mm>2.00~8.00mm>5.00~8.00mm, and water content at natural dryed soil condition are observed being insensible change rate from the point that sand thickness is 30~40mm and more sand bed's thickness constructed by the variation of sand bed's thickness.

The purpose of this study is to grasp the characteristics of user's response to perceived safety and visual preferences for outdoor green spaces by the types of campus layouts. This research was investigated by color slide ratings and questionnaire survey to the students who are majoring in Landscape architecture in three universities locating at Taegu area. Two research sites have similarities in many ways but have differences in campus land form and design type such as 'Closed' and 'Open' types. Major results were summarised as follows ; 1. As a result of the slide test, the high degree of visual preference was shown in the campus that is 'Closed' type. However the degree of perceived safety was lower than that of in Youngnam Univ. campus. 2. According to the result of the comparative analysis between user's perceived safety and visual preferences in each campus, the degree of perceived safety at 'Closed' type was lower than that of 'Open' type, but the degree of visual satisfactioni was higher at 'Closed' type. 3. The factors affecting visual preference in campus were shown as density of wood, land form, and diverse type of the spaces. On the other hand, the factors affecting perceived safety were 'enclosed space by wood' at the day time, and 'the condition of lighting' at night. 4. Regarding gender differences in sensation of each space variables, female users showed higher satisfactio on the scenic beauty. 5. Regression analysis showed that general satisfation was determined by the variables such as 'arrangement', familiarity', 'cleanness', and 'closed feeling', in Kyungbook Univ. And in Youngnam Univ. , the variables were 'texture', 'perceived beauty', 'cleanness', and 'complexity' respectively. 6. In conclusion, campus users wanted the outdoor spaces that have various land form and somewhat 'open-closed' mixture type, which has a good 'Edge Effect' to satisfy both aspects in safety and visual preferneces.

Ji Cheng's great work on garden design theory, the 'Yuanye', written in 1631 and originally published in 1634 is the first surviving treatise and most famous and comprehensive work on the suvject in the Chinese tradition. He constructed Dongdiyuan in Changzhou about 1623, Wuyuan in Yizheng in 1631, and Yingyuan in Yangzhou about 1634. But no poems and paintings written by him still exist, and none of his known gardens has survived. Therefore his design philosophy is able to be interpreted only by his work, Yuanye. This study aims at investigating the garden design theory in Yuanye. The results were summarized as follows. 1) Yuanye reflected the garden tastes of literati, and Ji Cheng endeavored to express the deas of literati painting into gardens. 2) The essence of the garden design theory is Xingzao, and Yindi, following the existing lie of the land, and Jiejing, to borrow from the scenery, are two major activities of Xingzao. 3) Ji Cheng's design theory build up on the basis of recognizing the existence of masters. 4) Yindi is the environmental and ecological planning and design method. This is the activity to reach the state of artistry through suitability. 5) Jiejing is not merely borrowing the landscape but the making use of scenery around the garden. And only the master has the skill in fitting in with the form of the land. 6) Ji Cheng pursuits the garden which will look like something naturally created though manmade. It is the goal of the Chinese traditional gardens and ideal situation. 7) Ji Cheng aims to unify the environment and landscape design dialectically into Xingzao.

The purpose of this study is to grasp the characteristics of user''''s response to perceived safety and visual preferences for outdoor green spaces by the types of campus layouts. This research was investigated by color slide ratings and questionnaire survey to the students who are majoring in Landscape architecture in three universities locating at Taegu area. Two research sites have similarities in many ways but have differences in campus land form and design type such as ''''Closed'''' and ''''Open'''' types. Major results were summarised as follows ; 1. As a result of the slide test, the high degree of visual preference was shown in the campus that is ''''Closed'''' type. However the degree of perceived safety was lower than that of in Youngnam Univ. campus. 2. According to the result of the comparative analysis between user''''s perceived safety and visual preferences in each campus, the degree of perceived safety at ''''Closed'''' type was lower than that of ''''Open'''' type, but the degree of visual satisfactioni was higher at ''''Closed'''' type. 3. The factors affecting visual preference in campus were shown as density of wood, land form, and diverse type of the spaces. On the other hand, the factors affecting perceived safety were ''''enclosed space by wood'''' at the day time, and ''''the condition of lighting'''' at night. 4. Regarding gender differences in sensation of each space variables, female users showed higher satisfactio on the scenic beauty. 5. Regression analysis showed that general satisfation was determined by the variables such as ''''arrangement'''', familiarity'''', ''''cleanness'''', and ''''closed feeling'''', in Kyungbook Univ. And in Youngnam Univ. , the variables were ''''texture'''', ''''perceived beauty'''', ''''cleanness'''', and ''''complexity'''' respectively. 6. In conclusion, campus users wanted the outdoor spaces that have various land form and somewhat ''''open-closed'''' mixture type, which has a good ''''Edge Effect'''' to satisfy both aspects in safety and visual preferneces.

Ji Cheng''''s great work on garden design theory, the ''''Yuanye'''', written in 1631 and originally published in 1634 is the first surviving treatise and most famous and comprehensive work on the suvject in the Chinese tradition. He constructed Dongdiyuan in Changzhou about 1623, Wuyuan in Yizheng in 1631, and Yingyuan in Yangzhou about 1634. But no poems and paintings written by him still exist, and none of his known gardens has survived. Therefore his design philosophy is able to be interpreted only by his work, Yuanye. This study aims at investigating the garden design theory in Yuanye. The results were summarized as follows. 1) Yuanye reflected the garden tastes of literati, and Ji Cheng endeavored to express the deas of literati painting into gardens. 2) The essence of the garden design theory is Xingzao, and Yindi, following the existing lie of the land, and Jiejing, to borrow from the scenery, are two major activities of Xingzao. 3) Ji Cheng''''s design theory build up on the basis of recognizing the existence of masters. 4) Yindi is the environmental and ecological planning and design method. This is the activity to reach the state of artistry through suitability. 5) Jiejing is not merely borrowing the landscape but the making use of scenery around the garden. And only the master has the skill in fitting in with the form of the land. 6) Ji Cheng pursuits the garden which will look like something naturally created though manmade. It is the goal of the Chinese traditional gardens and ideal situation. 7) Ji Cheng aims to unify the environment and landscape design dialectically into Xingzao.