A microbial BOD sensor using immobilized Hansenula anomala was prepared for the estimation of BOD. The sensor voltage was increased with time and increasing concentration of GGA when it was inserted in a sample solution. A linear relationship was obtained with a correlation coefficient, 0.998 between the concentration of standard GGA solutions and dV/dt by using the initial change of voltage, in which the response time was 20 min. It could be concluded that the oxidation of GGA conformed to a first-order kinetics. Therefore, the good linearities were also observed at various times. This sensor showed the best linearity at 30 min.

The CO substitution reactions of the complex, $Cp(S-2,4-Me_2C_5H_5)CrCo$ with $PR_3(PR_3=PMePh_2,\;P(OCH_3)_3,\;PMe_2Ph)$ were investigated spectrophotometrically at various temperatures. From the reaction rates, it was suggested that the CO substitution reaction took place by first-order (dissociative) pathway. Activation parameters in decaline were ${\Delta}H^{\neq}\;=\;22.0\;kcal{\cdot}mol^{-1}$, ${\Delta}S^{\neq}=\;-3.8cal{\cdot}mol^{-1}{\cdot}K^{-1}$. Unusually low value of ${\Delta}S{\neq}$ suggests an ${\eta}^5-S{\to}{\eta}^5-U$ conversion of the pentadienyl ligand. This suggestion was confirmed by the Extended-Huckel molecular orbital (EHMO) calculations, which revealed that the total energy of $Cp(S-2,4-Me_2C_5H_5$)CrCO is about 0.42 kcal/mol more lower than that of $Cp(U-2,4-Me_2C_5H_5)CrCO$ and the energy of $[Cp(U-2,4-Me_2C_5H_5)Cr{\cdots}CO]^{\neq} $ transition state is about 2.43 kcal/mol lower than that of $[Cp(S-2,4-Me_2C_5H_5)Cr{\cdots}CO]^{\neq}$ transition state.

Di-and tri-peptides containing DL-N-hydroxyalanine were prepared. DL-N-Hydroxyalanine was linked, via its primary amino group, to the ${\alpha}$-carbon of glycine residues in dipeptide synthon (L-alanyl(${\alpha}$-DL-N-hydroxyalanyl)DL-glycine) 5, and tripeptide synthon (L-alanyl-L-alanyl(${\alpha}$-DL-N-hydroxyalanyl) DL-glycine) 12. 5 proved to be 19 times more potent than DL-N-hydroxyalanine when tested in vitro for the ability to inhibit the growth of E coli. However, 12 gave comparable potency to DL-N-hydroxyalanine itself.

The new ternary phase $UP_2S_6$ has been prepared and structurally characterized. The compound is isostructural with $ZrP_2S_6$ and $ThP_2S_6$ but is different from $TiP_2S_6$. The structure has been determined by a single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. $UP_2S_6$ crystallizes in the the tetragonal system $({C^2}_{4h}-P4_2/m,\;a=6.797(7)\;{\AA},\;c=9.738(12)\;{\AA})$ with two formula units in the unit cell. The structure can be described in terms of $U^{4+}$ and ${P_2S_6}^{4-}$ ions. This hexathiohypodiphosphate anion $({P_2S_6}^{4-})$ has ideally staggered conformation. The $U^{4+}$ cation is coordinated by 8 sulfur atoms in a slightly distorted dodecahedral geometry (42m). The distribution of sulfur atoms is very well optimized for this geometry.

The syntheses and reactivities with olefins of $[Ru^{II}(L_3)(L_2)OH_2]^{2+}$ $[L_3$= 2,6-bis(N-pyrazolyl)pyridine(bpp), 2,6-bis(3,5-dimethyl-N-pyrazolyl)pyridine $(Me_4bpp);\;L_2$= 2,2'-bipyridine(bpy), 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine $(Me_2bpy)$] are described. Their spectral and redox properties in aqueous solution were investigated. Evidence for each one electron redox process for the $Ru^{IV}-Ru^{III}$ and $Ru^{III}-Ru^{II}$ couples has been obtained. Oxidation of $[Ru^{II}(bpp)(bpy)OH_2]^{2+}$ with $Ce^{IV}$ gave $[Ru^{IV}(bpp)(bpy)O]^{2+}$. The $[Ru^{IV}$= 0 complex is paramagnetic $({\mu}_{eff}=2.82)$ and the complexes $[Ru(L_3)(L_2)OH_2]^{2+}$ are robust catalysts for the oxidation of styrene, cyclohexene, and cyclooctene with cooxidant such as NaOCl. Product distributions and selectivities are discussed by varying the number of the substituted-methyl group in the ring.

Complexation of $Cd^{2+},\;Pb^{2+}\;and\;Hg^{2+}$ ions with four cryptands were studied by potentiometry and solution calorimetry in various weight percent methanol-aqueous solvent at 25${\circ}$C under $CO_2$free nitrogen atmosphere. The stabilities of the complexes were dependent on the cavity size of macrocycles. The $Hg^{2+}$ ion stability constants are higher than those of $Cd^{2+}\;and\;Pb^{2+}$ ion. All the cryptands formed complexes having 1 : 1 (metal to ligand) mole-ratio except for $Hg^{2+}-L_1$ (cryptand 1,2b: 3,5-benzo-9,14,17-trioxa-1,7-diazabicyclo-(8,5,5) heptadecane) and $Cd^{2+}-L_2$ (cryptand 2,2b: 3,5-benzo-10,13,18,21-tetraoxa-1,7-diazabicyclo (8,5,5) eicosane) complexes. $Hg^{2+}-L_1$ complex was a sandwitch type, and the $Cd^{2+}-L_2$ complex showed two stepwise reactions. Thermodynamic parameters of the $Cd^{2+}-L_2$ complex were $6.08(log\;K_1)$, -7.28 Kcal/mol $({\Delta}H_1)$, and $4.78\;(log\;K_2)$, -4.62 Kcal/mol $({\Delta}H_2)$, respectively, for 1 : 1 and 2: 1 mole-ratio. The sequences of the selectivity were increased in the order of $Hg^{2+}\;>Pb^{2+}\;>Cd^{2+}$ ion for $L_3\;and\;L_4$ macrocycles, and the $L_2$-macrocycle has a selectivity for $Cd^{2+}$ ion relative to $Zn^{2+},\;Ni^{2+},\;Pb^{2+}\;and\;Hg^{2+}$ ions. Thus, it is expected that the $L_2$ can be used as carrier for seperation of the post transition metals by macrocycles-mediated liquid membrane because $L_2$ is not soluble in water, and the difference of stability constants of the metal complexes with $L_2$ are large as compared with the other transition metal complexes. The $^1H\;and\;^{13}C-NMR studies indicated that the nitrogen atoms of cryptands have greater affinity to the post transition metal ions than the oxygen atoms, and that the planarities of the macrocycles were lost by complexation with the metal ions because of the perturbation of ring current of benzene molecule attached to macrocycles and counter-anions.

Prediction of retention times in transition metal-mandelate and transition metal-tartrate complex systems were studied on the cation exchanger. Plots of k' vs [mandelate] and k' vs [tartrate] were obtained under the condition of a constant competing cation concentration. The equation to predict the retention time of transition metal ion was derived from the ion exchange equilibria. Individual capacity factors (${k_1}',\;{k_2}'$) and stability constants ($K_1,\;K_2$) of the complexes were calculated from the non-linear least square method. Good resolution of the transition metals was predicted by the stepwise equation in the gradient method. The values of retention times from the calculation and the experiment agreed well each other.

Gold bonding wire of 0.076 mm in diameter used in semiconductor industry, is dissoved in aqua regia. The solution is then evaporated to near dryness several times with a few drops of HCl added to prepare the final sample solution in 5% HCl. The gold matrix is separated from trace impurities by controlled potential deposition. The whole electrolysis has been carried out inside a clean bench. An optimum potential is found to be +0.25 V to give more than 99.9% Au matrix removal with better than 90 analytes remaining in the electrolyte solution. Isotope dilution calibration is employed to get the best accuracy and precision. Analytical results are presented with determination limits of the analytical method.

The photocatalytic alanine and hydrogen production reaction were studied by using CdS as a semiconductor photocatalysts. The rate of alanine and hydrogen production depends strongly on the temperature in heat treatment of CdS powder. In particular, the rate of alanine production, which was observed using Pt/CdS(A)-(CdS from Mitsuwa), was increased about six times than that of using Pt/CdS(B)-(CdS from Furruchi) under the same heat treatment condition at 500$^{\circ}$C. And the photocatalytic activity for alanine production using bare CdS(A) or Pt/CdS(A) was almost same with increasing temperature in heat treatment in the range of 100-600$^{\circ}$C. From X-ray diffraction data and photoluminescence spectrum, we conclude that the crystal structure changes of CdS(A) or strong interaction at interface of Pt and CdS contribute to increasing the rate of alanine and hydrogen production reaction.

The intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) phenomena of the photoexcited 2-biphenylcarboxylic acid (2BPCA) and 4-biphenylcarboxylic acid (4BPCA) have been investigated in some surfactant micellar solutions. The ICT emission of 4BPCA and 2BPCA in aqueous solution at sufficiently low pH (1-3) has been observed to be markedly quenched and blue-shifted upon addition of a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) in contrast to little change in anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and neutral Brij 35. An anionic emission band has been observed to be enhanced at expense of the ICT emission as a function of the concentration of CTAC. These results with the micellar effects on the fluorescence decay kinetics of 4BPCA suggest that formation of the ICT state of the excited acids is inhibited by CTAC-induced proton transfer as well as the decrease in the polarity and/or hydrogen-bonding ability of the micellar microenvironment entrapping the acids.

The Polymerization of p-chlorophenyl propargyl ether (CPE) was carried out using various transition metal catalysts. The catalytic activity of $MoCl_{5}$-based catalysts was greater than that of $WCl_6$-based catalysts. $MoCl_5$ alone and $MoCl_{5}$-cocatalyst systems polymerized CPE very effectively to give a high yield of poly(CPE). In most cases, the polymer yield was quantitative and the average molecular weight $({\bar{M}}n)$ was in the range of 9,000 and 17,000. The NMR, IR, UV-visible spectra indicated that the present poly(CPE) has a linear conjugated polyene structure having p-chlorophenyl oxymethylene substituent. The poly(CPE) was mostly dark-brown colored powder and was completely soluble in various organic solvents such as chloroform, methylene chloride, THF, chlorobenzene, etc. The X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the present poly(CPE) is amorphous.

The crystal structure of the potassium salt of penicillin V has been studied by the X-ray crystallographic methods. Crystal data are as follows; potassium 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-phenoxyacetoamido-4-thia-1- azabicyclo[3.2.0]-heptane-2${\alpha}$-carboxylate, $K^+{\cdot}C_{16}H_{18}N_2O_5S^-$, $M_r$= 388.5, triclinic, Pl, a= 9.371 (1), b= 12.497 (2), c= 15.313 (2) ${\AA},\;{\alpha}= 93.74\;(2),\;{\beta}=99.32\;(1),\;{\gamma}=90.17\;(1)^{\circ},\;V=1765.7\;(2)\;{\AA}^3$, Z=4, $D_m=1.461\;gcm^{-1},\;{\lambda}(Cu\;K{\alpha})=1.5418\;{\AA},\;{\mu}=40.1\;cm^{-1}$, F(000)=808, T=296 K. The structure was solved by the heavy atom and difference Fourier methods with intensity data measured on an automated four-circle diffractometer. The structure was refined by the full-matrix least-squares method to a final R= 0.081 for 3563 observed $[I_0{\geq}2{\sigam}(I_0)]$ reflections. The four independent molecules assume different overall conformations with systematically different orientations of the phenyl groups although the penam moieties have the same closed conformations. There are intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the exocyclic amide nitrogen and phenoxy oxygen atoms. The penam moiety is conformationally very restricted although the carboxyl and exocyclic amide groups apparently have certain rotational degrees of freedom but the phenyl group is flexible about the ether bond despite the presence of the intramolecular N-H${\cdots}$O hydrogen bond. There are complicated pseudo symmetric relationships in the crystal lattice. The penam moieties are related by pseudo 20.5 screw axes and the phenyl groups by pseudo centers of symmetry. The potassium ions, related by both pseudo symmetries, form an infinite zigzag planar chain parallel to the b axis. Each potassium ion is coordinated to seven oxygen atoms in a severely distorted pentagonal bipyramid configuration, forming the infinite hydrophilic channels which in turn form the molecular stacks. Between these stacks, there are only lipophilic interactions involving the phenyl groups.

N-Phenyl oxadiazolidinedione derivatives II were synthesized and their herbicidal activities were measured against grass weeds. A parabolic relationship between molar refractivity (MR) of meta substituents of dione Ⅱ and their herbicidal activities was observed. With the substituents having MR value=${\sim}15$, the higher activities were obtained. Especially, the highest herbicidal activity (97% inhibition of weeds at 0.25 kg/ha) was observed by propyne IIr containing propargyloxy group as meta substituent.

Organotin(IV) complexes of ylidenemalonates $(R_xSn)_{x-1}(O_2C)_2C=C(SR')_2\;(R=n-C_4H_9,\;C_6H_5,\;cyclo-C_6H_{11},\;CH_3OOCCH_2CH_2;\;x=2,3;\;R'=CH_3,\;R_2'=-CHCH-,\;-CH_2CH_{2^-})$ have been synthesized and characterized by means of various spectroscopic methods. The X-ray crystal structure of $(Ph_3Sn)_2(O_2C)_2C=C(SCH_3)_2$ has been determined (Pi; a= 9.704(2) ${\AA}$, b= 14.412(1) ${\AA}$, c= 14.760(3) ${\AA}$, ${alpha}$=74.26(1)$^{\circ}$, ${beta}$=99.38(l)$^{\circ}$, ${\gamma}$=79.09(1)$^{\circ}$, $V= 1950.7(7){\AA}^3$) and refined to R= 0.045. The crystal structure discloses a discrete molecule with bidentate-like carboxylate ligand. For diorganotin analogues, the structures are discussed in terms of IR, $^1H-NMR,\;^{13}C-NMR$, and FAB mass spectrometry. The mass spectrum indicates that the diorganotin complexes of ylidenemalonates are dimeric.

A comparative study on cadmium(II) complexation with three well characterized humic acids (SHA: soil humic acid from the Okchun Metamorphic Belt; AqHA: aquatic humic acid from Gorleben underground aquifer, Germany; CoHA: commercially available humic acid from the Aldrich Co.) was carried out in 0.1 M $NaClO_4$ at different solution pH(5.0, 5.5, and 6.0) using the ultrafiltration technique. The maximum binding ability (MBA) of the humic acids for cadmium(II) was observed to vary with their origins and solution pH. The results suggest that 1 : 1 complex predominates within the experimental range, and the conditional stability constants were calculated based on the assumption of cooperative binding, yielding log K values that were quite similar (CoHA: 4.17${\pm}$0.08; AqHA: 4.14${\pm}$0.07; SHA: $4.06{\pm} 0.12\;l\;mol^{-1}$ at pH 6.0) irrespective of humic acid origins or pH. By contrast a nonlinear Schatchard plot was obtained, using the cadmium(II) ion selective electrode speciation analysis method, which indicated that humic acid may have two or more classes of binding sites, with $log\;K_1\;and\;log\;K_2$ of 4.73${\pm}$ 0.08 and $3.31{\pm}0.14\;l\;mol^{-1}$ respectively.

Good yields were usually obtained in Pd(O)-catalyzed Suzuki aryl-aryl coupling reaction, even when both coupling partners had an ortho tertiary benzamide functional group. The direct ortho functionalization of oligomeric tertiary benzamides at Snieckus condition is dependent on the chain length. Tertiary benzamide 1 can be o,o-dilithiated only by metal-halogen exchange of the 2,6-dihalo-compound. Bis-tertiary benzamide 9 can be o,o'-dilithiated with excess(4.1 equivalents) s-butyllithium/TMEDA as the lithiating agent. Tris-tertiary benzamide 21 is hard to o,o"-difunctionalize due to steric interactions among the tertiary benzamide functional groups, and due to steric interactions between these functional groups and others (if present) on the termini of the terphenyl unit.

By considering both electron-electron and electron-lattice interactions, the effect of charge transfer on the bond structure and electronic states of $C_{60}$ is studied without configuration limitation. The results show that the electron-electron interaction does not eliminate the layer structure of the bond distortion and the self-trapping of transferred electrons. For charged ${C_{60}}^{2-}$, there exist two localized electronic states, which possess laminar wave functions, and four nonequivalent groups of carbon atoms, which induce a fine-structure in the NMR spectrum line.

The approximate rates and stoichiometry of the reaction of excess lithium tris(dihexylamino)aluminum hydride(LTDHA) with selected organic compounds containing representative functional groups under the standardized conditions (tetrahydrofuran, 0$^{\circ}$C) were studied in order to define the reducing characteristics of the reagent for selective reductions. The reducing ability of LTDHA was also compared with those of the parent lithium aluminum hydride(LAH), lithium tris(diethylamino)aluminum hydride(LTDEA), and lithium tris(dibutylamino)aluminum hydride(LTDBA). In general, the reactivity toward organic functionalities is in order of $LAH{\gg}LTDEA{\geq}LTDBA>LTDHA$. LTDHA shows a unique reducing characteristics. Thus, the reagent reduces aldehydes, ketones, esters, epoxides, and tertiary amides readily. Anthraquinone is cleanly reduced to 9,10-dihydro-9,10-anthracenediol without hydrogen evolution, whereas p-benzoquinone in inert to LTDHA. In addition to that, disulfides are also readily reduced to thiols without hydrogen evolution. However, carboxylic acids, anhydrides, nitriles, and primary amides are reduced slowly. Especially, this reagent reduces aromatic nitriles to the corresponding aldehydes in good yields.

Borohydride exchange resin $(BER)-CuSO_4$ system readily reduces {\alpha},{\beta}$-unsaturated ketones to the corresponding saturated alcohols quantitatively. This reduction tolerates many functional groups such as carbon-carbon multiple bonds, chlorides, epoxides, esters, amides and nitriles.