참고문헌
- Verso M, Agnelli G. Venous thromboembolism associated with long-term use of central venous catheters in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:3665-3675
- Lee AY, Levine MN, Butler G, Webb C, Costantini L, Gu C, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of catheter-related thrombosis in adult patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:1404-1408
- Machat S, Eisenhuber E, Pfarl G, Stubler J, Koelblinger C, Zacherl J, et al. Complications of central venous port systems: a pictorial review. Insights Imaging 2019;10:86
- Walser EM. Venous access ports: indications, implantation technique, follow-up, and complications. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012;35:751-764
- Gonsalves CF, Eschelman DJ, Sullivan KL, DuBois N, Bonn J. Incidence of central vein stenosis and occlusion following upper extremity PICC and port placement. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2003;26:123-127
- Richard HM 3rd, Selby JB Jr, Gay SB, Tegtmeyer CJ. Normal venous anatomy and collateral pathways in upper extremity venous thrombosis. Radiographics 1992;12:527-534
- Kapur S, Paik E, Rezaei A, Vu DN. Where there is blood, there is a way: unusual collateral vessels in superior and inferior vena cava obstruction. Radiographics 2010;30:67-78
- Kara M, Pradel C, Phan C, Miquel A, Arrive L. CT features of vertebral venous congestion simulating sclerotic metastases in nine patients with thrombosis of the superior vena cava. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2016;207:80-86
- Thomas N, Oliver TB, Sudarshan T. Vanishing bone metastases- -a pitfall in the interpretation of contrast enhanced CT in patients with superior vena cava obstruction. Br J Radiol 2011;84:e176-e178
- Wilson ES. Systemic to pulmonary venous communication in the superior vena caval syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1976;127:247-249
- Fukamizu EMN, Seabra A, Otto DY, Sawamura MVY, Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Helito PVP. Vanishing bone metastasis: pictorial essay. Radiol Bras 2021;54:336-340
- Beck KS, Han DH. Vertebral venous congestion mimicking sclerotic metastasis in the absence of venous obstruction. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2017;208:W157-W158
- Valji K, Maroney TP. Vascular and interventional radiology. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1999:320
- Geerts W. Central venous catheter-related thrombosis. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2014;2014:306-311
- Leung A, Heal C, Perera M, Pretorius C. A systematic review of patient-related risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2015;40:363-373
- Saber W, Moua T, Williams EC, Verso M, Agnelli G, Couban S, et al. Risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) in cancer patients: a patient-level data (IPD) meta-analysis of clinical trials and prospective studies. J Thromb Haemost 2011;9:312-319
- Tesselaar ME, Ouwerkerk J, Nooy MA, Rosendaal FR, Osanto S. Risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis in cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2253-2259
- Hicklin DJ, Ellis LM. Role of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor growth and angiogenesis. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:1011-1027
- Kim JH, Kim JE, Hong YS, Kim SY, Kim KP, Choi KE, et al. Increased incidence of chemoport-related thrombosis in patients with colorectal cancer receiving bevacizumab: a single-institutional experience. Chin J Cancer Res 2018;30:460-467
- Tabatabaie O, Kasumova GG, Eskander MF, Critchlow JF, Tawa NE, Tseng JF. Totally implantable venous access devices: a review of complications and management strategies. Am J Clin Oncol 2017;40:94-105
- Shah T, Vijay DG, Shah N, Patel B, Patel S, Khant N, et al. Chemoport insertion-less is more. Indian J Surg Oncol 2021;12:139-145
- Kim YK, Sung YM, Hwang KH, Cho EK, Choi HY. Pseudopathologic vertebral body enhancement in the presence of superior vena cava obstruction on computed tomography. Spine J 2015;15:1295-1301
- Berritto D, Abboud S, Kosmas C, Riherd D, Robbin M. Vertebral body enhancement mimicking sclerotic osseous lesions in the setting of bilateral brachiocephalic vein thrombosis. Skeletal Radiol 2015;44:303-305
- Rasselet B, Larbi A, Viala P, Molinari N, Tetreau R, Faruch-Bilfeld M, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of intravertebral enhancement on contrast-enhanced CT scans in cancer patients. Eur J Radiol 2017;86:1-5
- McGraw JK, Heatwole EV, Strnad BT, Silber JS, Patzilk SB, Boorstein JM. Predictive value of intraosseous venography before percutaneous vertebroplasty. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002;13(2 Pt 1):149-153
- Alili C, Larbi A, Thouvenin Y, Viala P, Ruyer A, Baron MP, et al. Transient high density vertebral bone lesions. Skeletal Radiol 2013;42:1603, 1633-1635
- Ulano A, Bredella MA, Burke P, Chebib I, Simeone FJ, Huang AJ, et al. Distinguishing untreated osteoblastic metastases from enostoses using CT attenuation measurements. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2016;207:362-368
- Demondion X, Herbinet P, Van Sint Jan S, Boutry N, Chantelot C, Cotten A. Imaging assessment of thoracic outlet syndrome. Radiographics 2006;26:1735-1750
- Yun EJ, Yoon DY, Han A, Seo YL, Lim KJ, Choi CS, et al. Central venous stenosis of left versus right arm: its prevalence and effects on image quality in CT of the neck. Eur J Radiol 2012;81:e126-e131
- Esquivel A, Ferrero A, Mileto A, Baffour F, Horst K, Rajiah PS, et al. Photon-counting detector CT: key points radiologists should know. Korean J Radiol 2022;23:854-865
- Hamid S, Nasir MU, So A, Andrews G, Nicolaou S, Qamar SR. Clinical applications of dual-energy CT. Korean J Radiol 2021;22:970-982
- Kim C, Kim W, Park SJ, Lee YH, Hwang SH, Yong HS, et al. Application of dual-energy spectral computed tomography to thoracic oncology imaging. Korean J Radiol 2020;21:838-850
- Chen N, Ren M, Li R, Deng X, Li Y, Yan K, et al. Bevacizumab promotes venous thromboembolism through the induction of PAI-1 in a mouse xenograft model of human lung carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2015;14:140
- Totzeck M, Mincu RI, Rassaf T. Cardiovascular adverse events in patients with cancer treated with bevacizumab: a meta-analysis of more than 20 000 patients. J Am Heart Assoc 2017;6:e006278
- Hurwitz HI, Saltz LB, Van Cutsem E, Cassidy J, Wiedemann J, Sirzen F, et al. Venous thromboembolic events with chemotherapy plus bevacizumab: a pooled analysis of patients in randomized phase II and III studies. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:1757-1764
- Scappaticci FA, Skillings JR, Holden SN, Gerber HP, Miller K, Kabbinavar F, et al. Arterial thromboembolic events in patients with metastatic carcinoma treated with chemotherapy and bevacizumab. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1232-1239
- Nalluri SR, Chu D, Keresztes R, Zhu X, Wu S. Risk of venous thromboembolism with the angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab in cancer patients: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2008;300:2277-2285