References
- den Dekker MA, de Smet K, de Bock GH, Tio RA, Oudkerk M, Vliegenthart R. Diagnostic performance of coronary CT angiography for stenosis detection according to calcium score: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2012;22:2688-2698
- Koons E, VanMeter P, Rajendran K, Yu L, McCollough C, Leng S. Improved quantification of coronary artery luminal stenosis in the presence of heavy calcifications using photon-counting detector CT. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2022;12031:120311A
- Wexler L, Brundage B, Crouse J, Detrano R, Fuster V, Maddahi J, et al. Coronary artery calcification: pathophysiology, epidemiology, imaging methods, and clinical implications. A statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 1996;94:1175-1192
- Mergen V, Eberhard M, Manka R, Euler A, Alkadhi H. First in-human quantitative plaque characterization with ultra-high resolution coronary photon-counting CT angiography. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022;9:981012
- Pack JD, Xu M, Wang G, Baskaran L, Min J, De Man B. Cardiac CT blooming artifacts: clinical significance, root causes and potential solutions. Vis Comput Ind Biomed Art 2022;5:29
- Palumbo AA, Maffei E, Martini C, Tarantini G, Di Tanna GL, Berti E, et al. Coronary calcium score as gatekeeper for 64-slice computed tomography coronary angiography in patients with chest pain: per-segment and per-patient analysis. Eur Radiol 2009;19:2127-2135
- Rumberger JA, Brundage BH, Rader DJ, Kondos G. Electron beam computed tomographic coronary calcium scanning: a review and guidelines for use in asymptomatic persons. Mayo Clin Proc 1999;74:243-252
- Ong TK, Chin SP, Liew CK, Chan WL, Seyfarth MT, Liew HB, et al. Accuracy of 64-row multidetector computed tomography in detecting coronary artery disease in 134 symptomatic patients: influence of calcification. Am Heart J 2006;151:1323.e1-e6
- Dewey M, Vavere AL, Arbab-Zadeh A, Miller JM, Sara L, Cox C, et al. Patient characteristics as predictors of image quality and diagnostic accuracy of MDCT compared with conventional coronary angiography for detecting coronary artery stenoses: CORE-64 multicenter international trial. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;194:93-102
- Abdulla J, Pedersen KS, Budoff M, Kofoed KF. Influence of coronary calcification on the diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice computed tomography coronary angiography: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;28:943-953
- Meyer M, Henzler T, Fink C, Vliegenthart R, Barraza JM Jr, Nance JW Jr, et al. Impact of coronary calcium score on the prevalence of coronary artery stenosis on dual source CT coronary angiography in caucasian patients with an intermediate risk. Acad Radiol 2012;19:1316-1323
- Park MJ, Jung JI, Choi YS, Ann SH, Youn HJ, Jeon GN, et al. Coronary CT angiography in patients with high calcium score: evaluation of plaque characteristics and diagnostic accuracy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2011;27(Suppl 1):43-51
- Taylor AJ, Cerqueira M, Hodgson JM, Mark D, Min J, O'Gara P, et al. ACCF/SCCT/ACR/AHA/ASE/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SCMR 2010 appropriate use criteria for cardiac computed tomography. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the American College of Radiology, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography, the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1864-1894
- Arbab-Zadeh A, Miller JM, Rochitte CE, Dewey M, Niinuma H, Gottlieb I, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography coronary angiography according to pre-test probability of coronary artery disease and severity of coronary arterial calcification. The CORE-64 (coronary artery evaluation using 64-row multidetector computed tomography angiography) international multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:379-387
- Andrew M, John H. The challenge of coronary calcium on coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) scans: effect on interpretation and possible solutions. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;31(Suppl 2):145-157
- Zhang S, Levin DC, Halpern EJ, Fischman D, Savage M, Walinsky P. Accuracy of MDCT in assessing the degree of stenosis caused by calcified coronary artery plaques. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008;191:1676-1683
- Sangiorgi G, Rumberger JA, Severson A, Edwards WD, Gregoire J, Fitzpatrick LA, et al. Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:126-133
- Vavere AL, Arbab-Zadeh A, Rochitte CE, Dewey M, Niinuma H, Gottlieb I, et al. Coronary artery stenoses: accuracy of 64-detector row CT angiography in segments with mild, moderate, or severe calcification--a subanalysis of the CORE-64 trial. Radiology 2011;261:100-108
- Sarwar A, Rieber J, Mooyaart EA, Seneviratne SK, Houser SL, Bamberg F, et al. Calcified plaque: measurement of area at thin-section flat-panel CT and 64-section multidetector CT and comparison with histopathologic findings. Radiology 2008;249:301-306
- Tilley S 2nd, Sisniega A, Siewerdsen JH, Webster Stayman J. High-fidelity modeling of detector lag and gantry motion in CT reconstruction. Conf Proc Int Conf Image Form Xray Comput Tomogr 2018;2018:318-322
- Youn H, Kam S, Han JC, Kim HK. Optical crosstalk in CT detectors and its effects on CT images. Available at. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2043874. Published 2014. Accessed February 16, 2024
- Lee SC, Cho MH, Lee SY. [Performance comparison of reconstruction algorithms for Fan-Beam computerized tomography]. J Biomed Eng Res 2001;22:223-229. Korean
- Pontone G, Bertella E, Mushtaq S, Loguercio M, Cortinovis S, Baggiano A, et al. Coronary artery disease: diagnostic accuracy of CT coronary angiography--a comparison of high and standard spatial resolution scanning. Radiology 2014;271:688-694
- Si-Mohamed SA, Boccalini S, Lacombe H, Diaw A, Varasteh M, Rodesch PA, et al. Coronary CT angiography with photon-counting CT: first-in-human results. Radiology 2022;303:303-313
- Amanuma M, Kondo T, Sano T, Sekine T, Takayanagi T, Matsutani H, et al. Subtraction coronary computed tomography in patients with severe calcification. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;31:1635-1642
- Tanaka R, Yoshioka K, Muranaka K, Chiba T, Ueda T, Sasaki T, et al. Improved evaluation of calcified segments on coronary CT angiography: a feasibility study of coronary calcium subtraction. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;29(Suppl 2):75-81
- Fuchs A, Kuhl JT, Chen MY, Vilades Medel D, Alomar X, Shanbhag SM, et al. Subtraction CT angiography improves evaluation of significant coronary artery disease in patients with severe calcifications or stents-the C-Sub 320 multicenter trial. Eur Radiol 2018;28:4077-4085
- Razeto M, Mohr B, Arakita K, Schuijf JD, Fuchs A, Kuhl JT, et al. Accurate, fully automated registration of coronary arteries for volumetric CT digital subtraction angiography. Available at. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042775. Published 2014. Accessed February 16, 2024
- Li F, He Q, Xu L, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Wang Z, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of subtraction coronary CT angiography in severely calcified segments: comparison between readers with different levels of experience. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022;9:828751
- De Santis D, Jin KN, Schoepf UJ, Grant KL, De Cecco CN, Nance JW Jr, et al. Heavily calcified coronary arteries: advanced calcium subtraction improves luminal visualization and diagnostic confidence in dual-energy coronary computed tomography angiography. Invest Radiol 2018;53:103-109
- Qin L, Gu S, Chen C, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Chen X, et al. Initial exploration of coronary stent image subtraction using dual-layer spectral CT. Eur Radiol 2019;29:4239-4248
- Yamada M, Jinzaki M, Imai Y, Yamazaki S, Imanishi N, Tanami Y, et al. Evaluation of severely calcified coronary artery using fast-switching dual-kVp 64-slice computed tomography. Circ J 2011;75:472-473
- Menvielle N, Goussard Y, Orban D, Soulez G. Reduction of beam-hardening artifacts in X-ray CT. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2005;2005:1865-1868
- Carrascosa P, Leipsic JA, Deviggiano A, Capunay C, Vallejos J, Goldsmit A, et al. Virtual monochromatic imaging in patients with intermediate to high likelihood of coronary artery disease: impact of coronary calcification. Acad Radiol 2016;23:1490-1497
- Boll DT, Merkle EM, Paulson EK, Mirza RA, Fleiter TR. Calcified vascular plaque specimens: assessment with cardiac dual-energy multidetector CT in anthropomorphically moving heart phantom. Radiology 2008;249:119-126
- Stehli J, Clerc OF, Fuchs TA, Possner M, Grani C, Benz DC, et al. Impact of monochromatic coronary computed tomography angiography from single-source dual-energy CT on coronary stenosis quantification. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2016;10:135-140
- Xu C, Yi Y, Han Y, Xie H, Lu X, Vembar M, et al. Incremental improvement of diagnostic performance of coronary CT angiography for the assessment of coronary stenosis in the presence of calcium using a dual-layer spectral detector CT: validation by invasive coronary angiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021;37:2561-2572
- Esposito A, Colantoni C, De Cobelli F, Del Vecchio A, Palmisano A, Calandrino R, et al. Multidetector computed tomography for coronary stents imaging: high-voltage (140-kVp) prospective ECG-triggered versus standard-voltage (120-kVp) retrospective ECG-gated helical scanning. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2013;37:395-401
- Qi L, Tang LJ, Xu Y, Zhu XM, Zhang YD, Shi HB, et al. The diagnostic performance of coronary CT angiography for the assessment of coronary stenosis in calcified plaque. PLoS One 2016;11:e0154852
- Steckmann S, Kachelriess M. Blooming artifact reduction for cardiac CT. Available at. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2010.5874133. Published 2010. Accessed February 15, 2024
- Nelson RC, Feuerlein S, Boll DT. New iterative reconstruction techniques for cardiovascular computed tomography: how do they work, and what are the advantages and disadvantages? J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2011;5:286-292
- Renker M, Nance JW Jr, Schoepf UJ, O'Brien TX, Zwerner PL, Meyer M, et al. Evaluation of heavily calcified vessels with coronary CT angiography: comparison of iterative and filtered back projection image reconstruction. Radiology 2011;260:390-399
- Scheffel H, Stolzmann P, Schlett CL, Engel LC, Major GP, Karolyi M, et al. Coronary artery plaques: cardiac CT with model-based and adaptive-statistical iterative reconstruction technique. Eur J Radiol 2012;81:e363-e369
- Willemink MJ, Leiner T, de Jong PA, de Heer LM, Nievelstein RA, Schilham AM, et al. Iterative reconstruction techniques for computed tomography part 2: initial results in dose reduction and image quality. Eur Radiol 2013;23:1632-1642
- Kachelriess M. Iterative reconstruction techniques: what do they mean for cardiac CT? Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep 2013;6:268-281
- Li P, Xu L, Yang L, Wang R, Hsieh J, Sun Z, et al. Blooming artifact reduction in coronary artery calcification by a new de-blooming algorithm: initial Study. Sci Rep 2018;8:6945
- Yan SM, Shi F, Chen YH, Dey D, Lee SE, Chang HJ, et al. Calcium removal from cardiac CT images using deep convolutional neural network. Available at. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISBI.2018.8363617. Published 2018. Accessed February 15, 2024
- Hoe JW, Toh KH. A practical guide to reading CT coronary angiograms--how to avoid mistakes when assessing for coronary stenoses. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2007;23:617-633
- Shmilovich H, Cheng VY, Dey D, Rajani R, Nakazato R, Otaki Y, et al. Optimizing image contrast display improves quantitative stenosis measurement in heavily calcified coronary arterial segments on coronary CT angiography: a proof-of-concept and comparison to quantitative invasive coronary angiography. Acad Radiol 2014;21:797-804
- Cerci R, Vavere AL, Miller JM, Yoneyama K, Rochitte CE, Dewey M, et al. Patterns of coronary arterial lesion calcification by a novel, cross-sectional CT angiographic assessment. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;29:1619-1627
- Motoyama S, Kondo T, Sarai M, Sugiura A, Harigaya H, Sato T, et al. Multislice computed tomographic characteristics of coronary lesions in acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:319-326
- Kajinami K, Seki H, Takekoshi N, Mabuchi H. Coronary calcification and coronary atherosclerosis: site by site comparative morphologic study of electron beam computed tomography and coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:1549-1556
- Thilo C, Gebregziabher M, Mayer FB, Zwerner PL, Costello P, Schoepf UJ. Correlation of regional distribution and morphological pattern of calcification at CT coronary artery calcium scoring with non-calcified plaque formation and stenosis. Eur Radiol 2010;20:855-861
- Taylor CA, Fonte TA, Min JK. Computational fluid dynamics applied to cardiac computed tomography for noninvasive quantification of fractional flow reserve: scientific basis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:2233-2241
- Kim MY, Yang DH, Choo KS, Lee W. [Clinical application of cardiac CT: for excluding ischemic heart disease]. J Korean Soc Radiol 2022;83:3-27. Korean
- Norgaard BL, Leipsic J, Koo BK, Zarins CK, Jensen JM, Sand NP, et al. Coronary computed tomography angiography derived fractional flow reserve and plaque stress. Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep 2016;9:2
- Koo BK, Erglis A, Doh JH, Daniels DV, Jegere S, Kim HS, et al. Diagnosis of ischemia-causing coronary stenoses by noninvasive fractional flow reserve computed from coronary computed tomographic angiograms. Results from the prospective multicenter DISCOVER-FLOW (diagnosis of ischemia-causing stenoses obtained via noninvasive fractional flow reserve) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:1989-1997
- Zhuang B, Wang S, Zhao S, Lu M. Computed tomography angiography-derived fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR) for the detection of myocardial ischemia with invasive fractional flow reserve as reference: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2020;30:712-725
- Norgaard BL, Gaur S, Leipsic J, Ito H, Miyoshi T, Park SJ, et al. Influence of coronary calcification on the diagnostic performance of CT angiography derived FFR in coronary artery disease: a substudy of the NXT trial. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;8:1045-1055
- Tesche C, Otani K, De Cecco CN, Coenen A, De Geer J, Kruk M, et al. Influence of coronary calcium on diagnostic performance of machine learning CT-FFR: results from MACHINE registry. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2020;13:760-770