DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of Non-Plastic Fines Content on the Pore Pressure Generation of Sand-Silt Mixture Under Strain-Controlled CDSS Test

변형률 제어 반복직접단순전단시험에서 세립분이 모래-실트 혼합토의 간극수압에 미치는 영향

  • Tran, Dong-Kiem-Lam (Department of Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Park, Sung-Sik (Department of Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Nguyen, Tan-No (Department of Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Park, Jae-Hyun (Department of Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Sung, Hee-Young (Department of Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Son, Jun-Hyeok (Department of Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Hwang, Keum-Bee (Intelligent Construction Automation Center)
  • ;
  • 박성식 (경북대학교 공과대학 토목공학과) ;
  • ;
  • 박재현 (경북대학교 공과대학 토목공학과) ;
  • 성희영 (경북대학교 공과대학 토목공학과) ;
  • 손준혁 (경북대학교 공과대학 토목공학과) ;
  • 황금비 (지능형건설자동화 연구센터)
  • Received : 2023.10.31
  • Accepted : 2023.11.30
  • Published : 2024.01.01

Abstract

Understanding the behavior of soil under cyclic loading conditions is essential for assessing its response to seismic events and potential liquefaction. This study investigates the effect of non-plastic fines content (FC) on excess pore pressure generation in medium-density sand-silt mixtures subjected to strain-controlled cyclic direct simple shear (CDSS) tests. The investigation is conducted by analyzing excess pore pressure (EPP) ratios and the number of cycles to liquefaction (Ncyc-liq) under varying shear strain levels and FC values. The study uses Jumunjin sand and silica silt with FC values ranging from 0% to 40% and shear strain levels of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1.0%. The findings indicate that the EPP ratio increases rapidly during loading cycles, with higher shear strain levels generating more EPP and requiring fewer cycles to reach liquefaction. At 1.0% and 0.5% shear strain levels, FC has a limited effect on Ncyc-liq. However, at a lower shear strain level of 0.2%, increasing FC from 0 to 10% reduces Ncyc-liq from 42 to 27, and as FC increases further, Ncyc-liq also increases. In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the behavior of soil under cyclic loading conditions. It highlights the significance of shear strain levels and FC values in excess pore pressure generation and liquefaction susceptibility.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No.NRF-2021R1I1A3059731).

References

  1. Youd TL, Idriss IM, Andrus RD, Arango I, Castro G, Christian JT, et al. Liquefaction resistance of soils: Summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 2001;127(10):817-833. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:10(817).
  2. Papadopoulou A, Tika T. The effect of fines on critical state and liquefaction resistance characteristics of non-plastic silty sands. Soils and Foundations. 2008;48(5):713-725. DOI: 10.3208/sandf.48.713.
  3. Sitharam TG, Dash HK. Effect of Non-Plastic Fines on Cyclic Behaviour of Sandy Soils. GeoCongress 2008, GeoCongress 2008. New Orleans, Louisiana, United States: American Society of Civil Engineers; c2008. DOI: 10.1061/40971(310)40.
  4. Wang Y, Wang Y. Study of effects of fines content on liquefaction properties of sand, Geotechnical Special Publication; c2010. DOI: 10.1061/41102(375)33.
  5. Porcino DD, Diano V. The influence of non-plastic fines on pore water pressure generation and undrained shear strength of sand-silt mixtures. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 2017;101:311-321. DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.07.015.
  6. Throncoso JH, Verdugo R. Silt content and dynamic behavior of tailing sands. International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. 1985:11.
  7. Boominathan A, Rangaswamy K, Rajagopal. Effect of non-plastic fines on liquefaction resistance of Gujarat sand. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 2010;4(2):241-253. DOI: 10.3328/IJGE.2010.04.02.241-253.
  8. Oka LG, Dewoolkar M, Olson SM. Comparing laboratory-based liquefaction resistance of a sand with non-plastic fines with shear wave velocity-based field case histories. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 2018;113:162-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.05.028.
  9. Shen CK, Vrymoed JL, Uyeno CK. The effect of fines on liquefaction of sands. Proc. of the 9th ICSMFE. 1977:2.
  10. Amini F, Qi GZ. Liquefac tion testing of stratified silty sands. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 2000;126(3):208-217. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:3(208).
  11. Polito CP, Martin JR. Effects of nonplastic fines on the liquefaction resistance of sands. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 2001;127(5):408-415. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:5(408).
  12. Carraro JAH, Bandini P, Salgado R. Liquefaction resistance of clean and nonplastic silty sands based on cone penetration resistance. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 2003;129(11):965-976. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:11(965).
  13. Silver ML, Seed HB. Volume Changes in Sands during Cyclic Loading. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division. 1971;97(9):1171-1182. DOI: 10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001658.
  14. Dobry R, Ladd RS, Yokel FY, Chung RM, Powell D. Prediction of Pore Water Pressure Buildup and Liquefaction of Sands During Earthquakes By the Cyc lic Strain Method. National Bureau of Standards, Building Science Series. 1982(L):138.
  15. Dobry R, Abdoun T. Cyclic Shear Strain Needed for Liquefaction Triggering and Assessment of Overburden Pressure Factor Kσ. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 2015;141(11):04015047. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001342.
  16. Hazirbaba K, Rathje EM. Pore pressure generation of silty sands due to induced cyclic shear strains. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 2010;135(12):1892-1905. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000147.
  17. Derakhshandi M, Rathje EM, Hazirbaba K, Mirhosseini SM. The effect of plastic fines on the pore pressure generation characteristics of saturated sands. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 2008;28(5):376-386. DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2007.07.002.
  18. Madhusudhan BR. A review of cyclic simple shear test on soils: challenges and new solutions. International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics. 2022;14(3-4):49-59. DOI: 10.1007/s12572-022-00321-4.
  19. Mele L. Experimental study with complete stress state interpretation of undrained monotonic and cyclic simple shear tests with flexible boundaries. Acta Geotechnica. 2023. DOI: 10.1007/s11440-023-01907-3.
  20. Park SS, Tran DKL, Nguyen TN, Woo SW, Sung HY. Effect of Loading Frequency on the Liquefaction Resistance of Poorly Graded Sand. Advances in Geospatial Technology in Mining and Earth Sciences: Selected Papers of the 2nd International Conference on Geo-spatial Tec hnologies and Earth Resourc es 2022, Springer; c2023.
  21. Wood FM, Yamamuro JA, Lade PV. Effect of depositional method on the undrained response of silty sand. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2008;45(11):1525-1537. DOI: 10.1139/T08-079.
  22. Yamamuro JA, Monkul MM. Influence of Densification Method on Some Aspects of Undrained. International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics. 2010:1-8.
  23. Monkul MM, Etminan E, Senol A. Influence of coefficient of uniformity and base sand gradation on static liquefaction of loose sands with silt. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 2016;89:185-197. DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.08.001.
  24. Le TT, Park SS, Woo SW. Cyclic Response and Reconsolidation Volumetric Strain of Sand under Repeated Cyclic Shear Loading Events. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 2022;148(12):04022109. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002919.
  25. Peacock WH, Seed HB. Sand Liquefaction Under Cyclic Loading Simple Shear Conditions. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division. 1968;94(3):689-708. DOI: 10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001135.
  26. Talaganov KV. Stress-strain transformations and liquefaction of sands. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 1996;15(7):411-418. DOI: 10.1016/0267-7261(96)00024-3.
  27. Park SS, Nong ZZ, Lee DE. Effect of vertical effective and initial static shear stresses on the liquefaction resistance of sands in cyclic direct simple shear tests. Soils and Foundations. 2020;60(6):1588-1607. DOI: 10.1016/j.sandf.2020.09.007.
  28. Dyvik R, Berre T, Lacasse S, Raadim B. Comparison of truly undrained and constant volume direct simple shear tests. Geotechnique. 1987;37(1):3-10. DOI: 10.1680/geot.1987.37.1.3.
  29. Mohtar CE, Nakamura Y, Kwan WS. Comparison of Measured Cyclic Resistance of Sand in Simple Shear Tests under Constant Volume versus Constant Total Vertical Stress Conditions. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics V, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics V. Austin, Texas: American Society of Civil Engineers; c2018. DOI: 10.1061/9780784481486.015.
  30. Le TT, Park SS, Woo SW, Tran L. Cyclic Response and Post-cyclic Settlement of Sand Experiencing Repeated Earthquakes. In: Ha-Minh C, Tang AM, Bui TQ, Vu XH, Huynh DVK, editors. CIGOS 2021, Emerging Technologies and Applications for Green Infrastructure. Vol. 203, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; c2022. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-7160-9_103.
  31. Altun S, Goktepe AB, Akguner C. Cyclic shear strength of silts and sands under cyclic loading. Geotechnical Special Publication; c2005. DOI: 10.1061/40779(158)33.
  32. Hernandez YA, Towhata I, Gunji K, Yamada S. Laboratory tests on cyclic undrained behavior of loose sand with cohesionless silt and its application to assessment of seismic performance of subsoil. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 2015;79:365-378. DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.09.004.
  33. Huang Y, Zhao L. The effects of small particles on soil seismic liquefaction resistance: current findings and future challenges. Natural Hazards. 2018;92(1):567-579. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-018-3212-4.
  34. Ueng TS, Sun CW, Chen CW. Definition of fines and liquefaction resistance of Maoluo River soil. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 2004;24(9-10):745-750. DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.06.011.
  35. Hazirbaba K. Pore pressure generation characteristics of sands and silty sands: a strain approach. PhD Thesis. The University of Texas at Austin; c2005.