International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication

  • 제15권4호
  • /
  • Pages.61-73
  • /
  • 2023
  • /
  • 2288-4920(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2288-4939(eISSN)
한국인터넷방송통신학회 (The Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Association between Addictive, Habitual Smartphone Behaviors and Psychiatric Distress and The Role of Self-control in Association.

  • Jun-Hwan Mun (Department of Data and Knowledge Service Engineering, Dankook University) ;
  • Ji-Hwan Park (Department of Computer Education, Dankook University) ;
  • Mi-Jung Rho (College of Health Science, Dankook University)
  • 투고 : 2023.08.19
  • 심사 : 2023.08.31
  • 발행 : 2023.11.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

As smartphone use is increasing within the middle-aged population, society should pay closer attention to the mental health problems associated with smartphone addiction. This study examines the possibility that depression, anxiety, and ADHD can be interpreted not only as negative aspects, but also as positive aspects, in an addiction-related individual. We used habitual and addictive smartphone behavior as the dependent variables; anxiety, ADHD, depression, and habitual smartphone use as the independent variables; and self-control as a moderating variable. Depression and ADHD in smartphone users were found to be associated with higher levels of addictive smartphone use. Anxiety was having negative effect on addictive smartphone use. However, habitual smartphone use didn't significantly affect addictive smartphone use. Further analysis indicated that depression, anxiety, and ADHD have mediating effects on habitual smartphone use. This study confirmed that psychological factors in adults, as well as habitual/addictive smartphone use and self-control, significantly influence smartphone overdependence.

키워드

과제정보

This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. NRF-2018R1C1B6007750).

참고문헌

  1. Oulasvirta, A., Rattenbury, T., Ma, L., and Raita, E., "Habits make smartphone use more pervasive," Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, Vol. 16, No. 1, p.p. 105-114, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-011-0412-2
  2. Park, J., Jeong, J. E., Park, S. Y., and Rho, M. J., "Development of the smartphone addiction risk rating score for a smartphone addiction management application," Frontiers in public health, Vol. 8, 485, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00485
  3. Van Deursen, A. J., Bolle, C. L., Hegner, S. M., and Kommers, P. A., "Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior: The role of smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation, age, and gender," Computers in human behavior, Vol. 45, pp. 411-420, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.039
  4. Choi, D. J., Kim, Y. S., Um, N. R., and Kim, H. S., "The survey on smartphone overdependence," Annual Report. Seoul: Ministry of Science and ICT, National Information Society Agency [Internet], 2017. Available from: https://www.nia.or.kr/site/nia_kor/ex/bbs/View.do?cbIdx=65914&bcIdx=19592&parentSeq=19592
  5. Bian, M., and Leung, L., "Linking loneliness, shyness, smartphone addiction symptoms, and patterns of smartphone use to social capital," Social science computer review, Vol. 33, No.1, pp. 61-79, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314528779
  6. Lian, L., You, X., Huang, J., and Yang, R., "Who overuses smartphones? Roles of virtues and parenting style in smartphone addiction among Chinese college students," Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 65, pp. 92-99, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.027
  7. Joo, Y. Y., Chung, A. K., and Lee, M. N., "Identification of the Structural Relationship of Basic Psychological Needs and Facebook addiction and Continuance," The Journal of The Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 183-191, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7236/JIIBC.2016.16.1.183
  8. Schwabe, L., Dickinson, A., and Wolf, O. T., "Stress, habits, and drug addiction: a psychoneuroendocrinological perspective," Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 53, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022212
  9. Kim, S. G., Park, J., Kim, H. T., Pan, Z., Lee, Y., and McIntyre, R. S., "The relationship between smartphone addiction and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity in South Korean adolescents," Annals of general psychiatry, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 1-8, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-019-0224-8
  10. Lee, H. S., "A convergence study the effect of college students' parent-son/daughter communication on addiction to smartphones: Focused on the mediated effect of stress level, self-control and self-efficacy," Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 163-172, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15207/JKCS.2016.7.4.163
  11. Chen, B., Liu, F., Ding, S., Ying, X., Wang, L., and Wen, Y., "Gender differences in factors associated with smartphone addiction: a cross-sectional study among medical college students," BMC psychiatry, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 1-9, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1503-z
  12. Matar Boumosleh, J., and Jaalouk, D., "Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students-A cross sectional study," PloS one, Vol. 12, No. 8, e0182239, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182239
  13. Park, W., "Mobile phone addiction, in Mobile communications," Springer, pp. 253-272, 2005.
  14. Toda, M., Ezoe, S., Nishi, A., Mukai, T., Goto, M., and Morimoto, K., "Mobile phone dependence of female students and perceived parental rearing attitudes," Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 765-770, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.6.765
  15. Lu, X., Watanabe, J., Liu, Q., Uji, M., Shono, M., and Kitamura, T., "Internet and mobile phone textmessaging dependency: Factor structure and correlation with dysphoric mood among Japanese adults," Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 1702-1709, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.009
  16. Hong, F. Y., Chiu, S. I., and Huang, D. H., "A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female students," Computers in human behavior, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 2152-2159, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.020
  17. Jenaro, C., Flores, N., Gomez-Vela, M., Gonzalez-Gil, F., and Caballo, C., "Problematic internet and cellphone use: Psychological, behavioral, and health correlates," Addiction research & theory, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 309-320, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350701350247
  18. Beranuy, M., Oberst, U., Carbonell, X., and Chamarro, A., "Problematic Internet and mobile phone use and clinical symptoms in college students: The role of emotional intelligence," Computers in human behavior, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 1182-1187, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.03.001
  19. Yang, S. Y., Lin, C. Y., Huang, Y. C., and Chang, J. H., "Gender differences in the association of smartphone use with the vitality and mental health of adolescent students," Journal of American college health, Vol. 66, No. 7, pp. 693-701, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1454930
  20. Wood, W., and Neal, D. T., "A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface," Psychological review, Vol. 114, No. 4, pp. 843, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843
  21. Lee, J. M., "A study on the factors affecting smart phone use behavior of university students in class," Journal of the Korea society of computer and information, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 191-199, 2013. https://doi.org/10.9708/jksci.2013.18.4.191
  22. Hormes, J. M., Kearns, B., and Timko, C. A., "Craving Facebook? Behavioral addiction to online social networking and its association with emotion regulation deficits," Addiction, Vol. 109, No. 12, pp. 2079- 2088, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12713
  23. Koca, T. T., and Berk, E., "Influence of Internet addiction on academic, sportive, and recreative activities in adolescents," Journal of Public Health, Vol. 27, pp. 531-536, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-018-0965-x
  24. Selcuk, K. T., and Ayhan, D., "The relationship between smartphone addiction risk and sleep duration and psychosocial comorbidities in health professional candidates. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care," future, Vol. 7, pp. 8-12, 2019. DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12465
  25. Panagiotidi, M., and Overton, P., "Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms predict problematic mobile phone use," Current Psychology, pp. 1-7, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00785-2
  26. Lee, K., "The relations between children's self-control, locus of control and behavioral problems," Bulletin of the Human Ecology Research Institute Dong-A University, Vol. 7, pp. 41-63, 1999.
  27. Kim, D., Lee, Y., Lee, J., Nam, J. K., and Chung, Y., "Development of Korean smartphone addiction proneness scale for youth," PloS one, Vol. 9, No. 5, e97920, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097920
  28. Beard, C., and Bjorgvinsson, T., "Beyond generalized anxiety disorder: psychometric properties of the GAD-7 in a heterogeneous psychiatric sample," Journal of anxiety disorders, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 547-552, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.06.002
  29. Wild, B., Eckl, A., Herzog, W., Niehoff, D., Lechner, S., Maatouk, I., ... and Lowe, B., "Assessing generalized anxiety disorder in elderly people using the GAD-7 and GAD-2 scales: results of a validation study," The American journal of geriatric psychiatry, Vol. 22, No. 10, pp. 1029-1038, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.076
  30. Torous, J., Staples, P., Shanahan, M., Lin, C., Peck, P., Keshavan, M., and Onnela, J. P., "Utilizing a personal smartphone custom app to assess the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) depressive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder," JMIR mental health, Vol. 2, No. 1, e3889, 2015.
  31. Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Ames, M., Demler, O., Faraone, S., Hiripi, E. V. A., ... and Walters, E. E., "The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population," Psychological medicine, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 245-256, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291704002892
  32. Boekaerts, M., Zeidner, M., and Pintrich, P. R., Handbook of self-regulation, Elsevier, 1999.
  33. Gefen, D., Straub, D., and Boudreau, M. C., "Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice," Communications of the association for information systems, Vol. 4, No. 1, 7, 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.00407
  34. Hair, J. F., Multivariate data analysis. 2009.
  35. Browne, M. W. and Cudeck, R., "Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological methods," research, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 230-258, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
  36. Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., and Muller, H., "Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures," Methods of psychological research online, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 23-74, 2003.
  37. Gross, J. J., "The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review," Review of general psychology, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 271-299, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
  38. Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., and Hall, B. J., "Non-social features of smartphone use are most related to depression, anxiety and problematic smartphone use," Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 69, pp. 75-82, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.023
  39. Eyvazlou, M., Zarei, E., Rahimi, A., and Abazari, M., "Association between overuse of mobile phones on quality of sleep and general health among occupational health and safety students," Chronobiology international, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 293-300, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2015.1135933 
  40. Long, J., Liu, T. Q., Liao, Y. H., Qi, C., He, H. Y., Chen, S. B., and Billieux, J., "Prevalence and correlates of problematic smartphone use in a large random sample of Chinese undergraduates," BMC psychiatry, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 1-12, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1083-3
  41. Tavakolizadeh, J., Atarodi, A., Ahmadpour, S., and Pourgheisar, A., "The prevalence of excessive mobile phone use and its relation with mental health status and demographic factors among the students of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences in 2011-2012," Razavi International Journal of Medicine, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2014.
  42. Busch, P. A., and McCarthy, S., "Antecedents and consequences of problematic smartphone use: A syst ematic literature review of an emerging research area," Computers in human behavior, Vol. 114, 106414 , 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106414