Acknowledgement
This paper was supported by the Academic Research Fund of Dr. Myung Ki (MIKE) Hong in 2021.
References
- Arend, W. P., Palmer, G. and Gabay, C. (2008) IL-1, IL-18, and IL-33 families of cytokines. Immunol. Rev. 223, 20-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00624.x
- Bauer, C., Duewell, P., Mayer, C., Lehr, H. A., Fitzgerald, K. A., Dauer, M., Tschopp, J., Endres, S., Latz, E. and Schnurr, M. (2010) Colitis induced in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) is mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome. Gut 59, 1192-1199. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2009.197822
- Bauernfeind, F., Ablasser, A., Bartok, E., Kim, S., Schmid-Burgk, J., Cavlar, T. and Hornung, V. (2011a) Inflammasomes: current understanding and open questions. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 68, 765-783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-010-0567-4
- Bauernfeind, F., Bartok, E., Rieger, A., Franchi, L., Nunez, G. and Hornung, V. (2011b) Cutting edge: reactive oxygen species inhibitors block priming, but not activation, of the NLRP3 inflammasome. J. Immunol. 187, 613-617. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1100613
- Bauernfeind, F. G., Horvath, G., Stutz, A., Alnemri, E. S., MacDonald, K., Speert, D., Fernandes-Alnemri, T., Wu, J., Monks, B. G., Fitzgerald, K. A., Hornung, V. and Latz, E. (2009) Cutting edge: NF-kappaB activating pattern recognition and cytokine receptors license NLRP3 inflammasome activation by regulating NLRP3 expression. J. Immunol. 183, 787-791. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0901363
- Bel, E. H. (2013) Clinical practice. Mild asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 369, 549-557. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1214826
- Bergsbaken, T., Fink, S. L. and Cookson, B. T. (2009) Pyroptosis: host cell death and inflammation. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7, 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2070
- Besnard, A. G., Guillou, N., Tschopp, J., Erard, F., Couillin, I., Iwakura, Y., Quesniaux, V., Ryffel, B. and Togbe, D. (2011) NLRP3 inflammasome is required in murine asthma in the absence of aluminum adjuvant. Allergy 66, 1047-1057. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02586.x
- Bivik, C., Verma, D., Winge, M. C., Lieden, A., Bradley, M., Rosdahl, I. and Soderkvist, P. (2013) Genetic variation in the inflammasome and atopic dermatitis susceptibility. J. Invest. Dermatol. 133, 2486-2489. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2013.168
- Boguniewicz, M. and Leung, D. Y. (2010) Recent insights into atopic dermatitis and implications for management of infectious complications. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 125, 4-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.027
- Brandt, E. B. and Sivaprasad, U. (2011) Th2 cytokines and atopic dermatitis. J. Clin. Cell. Immunol. 2, 110.
- Chanez, P. (2005) Severe asthma is an epithelial disease. Eur. Respir. J. 25, 945-946. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00038605
- Coll, R. C., Robertson, A., Butler, M., Cooper, M. and O'Neill, L. A. (2011) The cytokine release inhibitory drug CRID3 targets ASC oligomerisation in the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes. PLoS One 6, e29539.
- Colomar, A., Marty, V., Medina, C., Combe, C., Parnet, P. and Amedee, T. (2003) Maturation and release of interleukin-1beta by lipopolysaccharide-primed mouse Schwann cells require the stimulation of P2X7 receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 30732-30740. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M304534200
- Davies, D. E. (2009) The role of the epithelium in airway remodeling in asthma. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 6, 678-682. https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.200907-067DP
- Denes, A., Lopez-Castejon, G. and Brough, D. (2012) Caspase-1: is IL-1 just the tip of the ICEberg? Cell Death Dis. 3, e338.
- dos Santos, C. C. (2012) The role of the inflammasome in ventilator-induced lung injury. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 185, 1141-1144. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201204-0649ED
- Fu, Y., Wang,Y., Du, L., Xu, C., Cao, J., Fan, T., Liu, J., Su, X., Fan, S., Liu, Q. and Fan, F. (2013) Resveratrol inhibits ionising irradiation-induced inflammation in MSCs by activating SIRT1 and limiting NLRP-3 inflammasome activation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 14, 14105-14118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140714105
- Gross, O., Thomas, C. J, Guarda, G. and Tschopp, J. (2011) The inflammasome: an integrated view. Immunol. Rev. 243, 136-151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01046.x
- Hoffman, H. M., Mueller, J. L., Broide, D. H., Wanderer, A. A. and Kolodner, R. D. (2001) Mutation of a new gene encoding a putative pyrin-like protein causes familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and Muckle-Wells syndrome. Nat. Genet. 29, 301-305. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng756
- Holgate, S. T., Roberts, G., Arshad, H. S., Howarth, P. H. and Davies, D. E. (2009) The role of the airway epithelium and its interaction with environmental factors in asthma pathogenesis. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 6, 655-659. https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.200907-072DP
- Holgate, S. T. (2000) Epithelial damage and response. Clin. Exp. Allergy 30 Suppl 1, 37-41. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00095.x
- Hornung, V., Bauernfeind, F., Halle, A., Samstad, E. O., Kono, H., Rock, K. L., Fitzgerald, K. A. and Latz, E. (2008) Silica crystals and aluminum salts activate the NALP3 inflammasome through phagosomal destabilization. Nat. Immunol. 9, 847-856. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1631
- Huang, Y., Jiang, H., Chen, Y., Wang, X., Yang, Y., Tao, J., Deng, X., Liang, G., Zhang, H., Jiang, W. and Zhou, R. (2018) Tranilast directly targets NLRP3 to treat inflammasome-driven diseases. EMBO Mol. Med. 10, e8689.
- Jang, H. Y., Koo, J. H., Lee, S. M. and Park, B. H. (2018) Atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions are suppressed in fat-1 transgenic mice through the inhibition of inflammasomes. Exp. Mol. Med. 50, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-018-0104-3
- Jiao, D., Wong, C. K., Qiu, H. N., Dong, J., Cai, Z., Chu, M., Hon, K. L., Tsang, M. S. and Lam, C. W. (2016) NOD2 and TLR2 ligands trigger the activation of basophils and eosinophils by interacting with dermal fibroblasts in atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation. Cell. Mol. Immunol. 13, 535-550. https://doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2015.77
- Kabashima, K. (2013) New concept of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: interplay among the barrier, allergy, and pruritus as a trinity. J. Dermatol. Sci. 70, 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.02.001
- Kamo, N., Ke, B., Ghaffari, A. A., Shen, X. D., Busuttil, R. W., Cheng, G. and Kupiec-Weglinski, J. W. (2013) ASC/caspase-1/IL-1β signaling triggers inflammatory responses by promoting HMGB1 induction in liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. Hepatology 58, 351-362. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26320
- Kanneganti, T. D., Ozoren, N., Body-Malapel, M., Amer, A., Park, J. H., Franchi, L., Whitfield, J., Barchet, W., Colonna, M., Vandenabeele, P., Bertin, J., Coyle, A., Grant, E. P., Akira, S. and Nunez, G. (2006) Bacterial RNA and small antiviral compounds activate caspase-1 through cryopyrin/Nalp3. Nature 440, 233-236. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04517
- Kayagaki, N., Stowe, I. B., Lee, B. L., O'Rourke, K., Anderson, K., Warming, S., Cuellar, T., Haley, B., Roose-Girma, M., Phung, Q. T., Liu, P. S., Lill, J. R., Li, H., Wu, J., Kummerfeld, S., Zhang, J., Lee, W. P., Snipas, S. J., Salvesen, G. S., Morris, L. X., Fitzgerald, L., Zhang, Y., Bertram, E. M., Goodnow, C. C. and Dixit, V. M. (2015) Caspase-11 cleaves gasdermin D for non-canonical inflammasome signalling. Nature 526, 666-671. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15541
- Kesavardhana, S. and Kanneganti, T. D. (2017) Mechanisms governing inflammasome activation, assembly and pyroptosis induction. Int. Immunol. 29, 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxx018
- Lambrecht, B. N. and Hammad, H. (2003) Taking our breath away: dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of asthma. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3, 994-1003. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri1249
- Lambrecht, B. N. and Hammad, H. (2012) The airway epithelium in asthma. Nat. Med. 18, 684-692. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2737
- Land, W. G. (2013) Transfusion-related acute lung injury: the work of DAMPs. Transfus. Med. Hemother. 40, 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1159/000345688
- Liang, Y., Chang, C. and Lu, Q. (2016) The genetics and epigenetics of atopic dermatitis-filaggrin and other polymorphisms. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 51, 315-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-015-8508-5
- Liu, W., Guo, W., Wu, J., Luo, Q., Tao, F., Gu, Y., Shen, Y., Li, J., Tan, R., Xu, Q. and Sun, Y. (2013) A novel benzo[d]imidazole derivate prevents the development of dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine experimental colitis via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome. Biochem. Pharmacol. 85, 1504-1512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2013.03.008
- Luo, Y. P., Jiang, L., Kang, K., Fei, D. S., Meng, X. L., Nan, C. C., Pan, S. H., Zhao, M. R. and Zhao, M. Y. (2014) Hemin inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in sepsis-induced acute lung injury, involving heme oxygenase-1. Int. Immunopharmacol. 20, 24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2014.02.017
- Macaluso, F., Nothnagel, M., Parwez, Q., Petrasch-Parwez, E., Bechara, F. G., Epplen, J. T. and Hoffjan, S. (2007) Polymorphisms in NACHT-LRR (NLR) genes in atopic dermatitis. Exp. Dermatol. 16, 692-698. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00589.x
- Man, S. M. and Kanneganti, T. D. (2016) Converging roles of caspases in inflammasome activation, cell death and innate immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 16, 7-21. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2015.7
- Mariathasan, S. and Monack, D. M. (2007) Inflammasome adaptors and sensors: intracellular regulators of infection and inflammation. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 7, 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri1997
- Mariathasan, S., Newton, K., Monack, D. M., Vucic, D., French. D. M., Lee, W. P., Roose-Girma, M., Erickson, S. and Dixit, V. M. (2004) Differential activation of the inflammasome by caspase-1 adaptors ASC and Ipaf. Nature 430, 213-218. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02664
- Marples, R. R., Heaton, C. L. and Kligman, A. M. (1973) Staphylococcus aureus in psoriasis. Arch. Dermatol. 107, 568-570. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1973.01620190044010
- Martin, G. S., Mannino, D. M., Eaton, S. and Moss, M. (2003) The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 1546-1554. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022139
- Martinez-Giron, R. and van Woerden, H. C. (2010) Disruption of airway epithelium in asthma pathogenesis: are protozoa responsible? Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 7, 161.
- Martinon, F., Burns, K. and Tschopp, J. (2002) The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-beta. Mol. Cell 10, 417-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00599-3
- Masters, S. L., Simon, A., Aksentijevich, I. and Kastner, D. L. (2009) Horror autoinflammaticus: the molecular pathophysiology of auto-inflammatory disease (*). Annu. Rev. Immunol. 27, 621-668. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141627
- Munoz-Planillo, R., Franchi, L., Miller, L. S. and Nunez, G. (2009) A critical role for hemolysins and bacterial lipoproteins in Staphylococcus aureus-induced activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome. J. Immunol. 183, 3942-3948. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0900729
- Nathan, C. (2002) Points of control in infl ammation. Nature 420, 846-852 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01320
- Niebuhr, M., Baumert, K., Heratizadeh, A., Satzer, I. and Werfel, T. (2014) Imparied NLRP3 inflammasome expression and function in atopic dermatitis due to Th2 milieu. Allergy 69, 1058-1067. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12428
- Perregaux, D. and Gabel, C. A. (1994) Interleukin-1 beta maturation and release in response to ATP and nigericin. Evidence that potassium depletion mediated by these agents is a necessary and common feature of their activity. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 15195-15203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36591-2
- Petrilli, V., Papin, S., Dostert, C., Mayor, A., Martinon, F. and Tschopp, J. (2007) Activation of the NALP3 inflammasome is triggered by low intracellular potassium concentration. Cell Death Differ. 14, 1583-1589. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4402195
- Rankin, J. A. (2004) Biological mediators of acute inflammation. AACN Clin. Issues 15, 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1097/00044067-200401000-00002
- Shi, J., Zhao, Y., Wang, K., Shi, X., Wang, Y., Huang, H., Zhuang, Y., Cai, T., Wang, F. and Shao, F. (2015) Cleavage of GSDMD by inflammatory caspases determines pyroptotic cell death. Nature 526, 660-665. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15514
- Shimada, K., Crother, T. R., Karlin, J., Dagvadorj, J., Chiba, N., Chen, S., Ramanujan, V. K., Wolf, A. J., Vergnes, L., Ojcius, D. M., Rentsendorj, A., Vargas, M., Guerrero, C., Wang, Y., Fitzgerald, K. A., Underhill, D. M., Town, T. and Arditi, M. (2012) Oxidized mitochondrial DNA activates the NLRP3 inflammasome during apoptosis. Immunity 36, 401-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2012.01.009
- Soumelis, V., Reche, P. A., Kanzler, H., Yuan, W., Edward, G., Homey, B., Gilliet, M., Ho, S., Antonenko, S., Lauerma, A., Smith, K., Gorman, D., Zurawski, S., Abrams, J., Menon, S., McClanahan, T., de Waal-Malefyt Rd, R., Bazan, F., Kastelein, R. A. and Liu, Y. J. (2002) Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP. Nat. Immunol. 3, 673-680. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni805
- Tanaka, H., Miyazaki, N., Oashi, K., Teramoto, S., Shiratori, M., Hashimoto, M., Ohmichi, M. and Abe, S. (2001) IL-18 might reflect disease activity in mild and moderate asthma exacerbation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107, 331-336. https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2001.112275
- Tsai, T., Chiang, K., Hung, J., Chang, W., Lin, H., Shien, J., Chong, I. and Hsu, Y. (2018) Der f1 induces pyroptosis in human bronchial epithelia via the NLRP3 inflammasome. Int. J. Mol. Med. 41, 757-764. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3310
- Tomi, N. S., Kranke, B. and Aberer, E. (2005) Staphylococcal toxins in patients with psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and erythroderma, and in healthy control subjects. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 53, 67-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.02.034
- van de Veerdonk, F. L., Netea, M. G., Dinarello, C. A. and Joosten, L. A. (2011) Inflammasome activation and IL-1β and IL-18 processing during infection. Trends Immunol. 32, 110-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2011.01.003
- Weidinger, S. and Novak, N. (2016) Atopic dermatitis. Lancet 387, 1109-1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00149-X
- Whelan, R., Kim, C., Chen, M., Leiter, J., Grunstein, M. M. and Hakonarson, H. (2004) Role and regulation of interleukin-1 molecules in pro-asthmatic sensitised airway smooth muscle. Eur. Respir. J. 24, 559-567. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.04.00133803
- Willingham, S. B., Allen, I. C., Bergstralh, D. T., Brickey, W. J., Huang, M. T., Taxman, D. J., Duncan, J. A. and Ting, J. P. (2009) NLRP3 (NALP3, Cryopyrin) facilitates in vivo caspase-1 activation, necrosis, and HMGB1 release via inflammasome-dependent and -independent pathways. J. Immunol. 183, 2008-2015. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0900138
- Wilson, K. P., Black, J. A., Thomson, J. A., Kim, E. E., Griffith, J. P., Navia, M. A., Murcko, M. A., Chambers, S. P., Aldape, R. A., Raybuck, S. A. and Livingston, D. J. (1994) Structure and mechanism of interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Nature 370, 270-275. https://doi.org/10.1038/370270a0
- Yeretssian, G., Labbe, K. and Saleh, M. (2008) Molecular regulation of inflammation and cell death. Cytokine 43, 380-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2008.07.015
- Yin, H., Li, X., Yuan, B., Zhang, B., Hu, S., Gu, H., Jin, X. and Zhu, J. (2011) Heme oxygenase-1 ameliorates LPS-induced acute lung injury correlated with downregulation of interleukin-33. Int. Immunopharmacol. 11, 2112-2117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2011.09.004
- Zhang, Q., Fan, H. W., Zhang, J. Z., Wang, Y. M. and Xing, H. J. (2015) NLRP3 rs35829419 polymorphism is associated with increased susceptibility to multiple diseases in humans. Genet. Mol. Res. 14, 13968-13980. https://doi.org/10.4238/2015.October.29.17
- Zhou, R., Tardivel, A., Thorens, B., Choi, I. and Tschopp, J. (2010) Thioredoxin-interacting protein links oxidative stress to inflammasome activation. Nat. Immunol. 11, 136-140. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1831