Applied Chemistry for Engineering (공업화학)

The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (한국공업화학회)
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In situ Transesterification/Reactive Extraction of Castor Bean Seeds Assisted by Flying Jet Plasma for Biodiesel Production

  • Elsheikh, Yasir A. (Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, University of Nizwa) ;
  • Abdul-Majeed, Wameath S. (Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, University of Nizwa) ;
  • Nasir, Qazi (Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, University of Nizwa) ;
  • Al-Rahbi, Balaqis (Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, University of Nizwa) ;
  • Al-Subhi, Noor (Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, University of Nizwa) ;
  • Mahmoud, Mohamed A. (Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Jazan University) ;
  • AAl-Thani, Ghanim S. (Daris Centre for Scientific Research and Technological Development, University of Nizwa)
  • Received : 2022.08.16
  • Accepted : 2022.09.29
  • Published : 2022.10.10
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Abstract

One of the most exciting areas for the development of alternative fuels is the production of biodiesel. To reduce the cost of biodiesel production, in situ trans-esterification has been introduced to simplify the production process by enabling extraction and trans-esterification to occur at a single stage in the presence of a catalyst. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using non-corrosive and environmentally receptive flying jet plasma as an alternative catalytic route for in situ tran-sesterification of castor bean seeds (CBS). Upon optimizing the reaction conditions, it is elucidated that applying a low ratio of methanol to seeds (≤6:1) has resulted in hindering the in situ trans-esterification and leading to insignificant conversion. The yield of esters has increased from 80.5% to 91.7% as the molar ratio rose from 9:1 to 12:1. Excess alcohol beyond the ratio of 15:1 was shown to have a negative impact on the yield of the produced esters, attributed to an increase in the biodiesel portion prone to dissolving in the co-product (glycerol). An increase in the reaction bulk temperature from 40 to 55 ℃ led to a higher ester content by 50%. Further increases in the bulk temperature beyond 55 ℃ did not affect yields. Regarding the reaction period, the results have shown that 3 h of reaction is adequate for a higher biodiesel yield. The quality of the biodiesel obtained has demonstrated that all physicochemical properties meet the ASTM D6751 specifications.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The author would like to thank the writing center (Nizwa university) for constructive criticism and proof editing of the manuscript.

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