Animal Bioscience

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Three-step in vitro digestion model for evaluating and predicting fecal odor emission from growing pigs with different dietary protein intakes

  • Lo, Shih-Hua (Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University) ;
  • Chen, Ching-Yi (Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University) ;
  • Wang, Han-Tsung (Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University)
  • Received : 2021.11.11
  • Accepted : 2022.03.07
  • Published : 2022.10.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study was to select an effective in vitro digestion-fermentation model to estimate the effect of decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) on odor emission during pig production and to suggest potential prediction markers through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Methods: In the in vitro experiment, three diet formulations with different CP contents (170 g/kg, 150 g/kg, and 130 g/kg) but containing the same standardized ileal digestible essential amino acids (SID-EAA) were assessed. Each diet was evaluated by two different in vitro gastric-intestinal phase digestion methods (flask and dialysis), combined with fresh pig feces-ferment inoculation. Eighteen growing barrows (31.9±1.6 kg) were divided into three groups: control diet (180 g CP/kg, without SID-EAA adjustment), 170 g CP/kg diet, and 150 g CP/kg diet for 4 weeks. Results: The in vitro digestion results indicated that in vitro digestibility was affected by the gastric-intestinal phase digestion method and dietary CP level. According to the gas kinetic and digestibility results, the dialysis method showed greater distinguishability for dietary CP level adjustment. Nitrogen-related odor compounds (NH3-N, indole, p-cresol, and skatole) were highly correlated with urease and protease activity. The feeding study indicated that both EAA-adjusted diets resulted in a lower odor emission especially in p-cresol and skatole. Both protease and urease activity in feces were also closely related to odor emissions from nitrogen metabolism compounds. Conclusion: Dialysis digestion in the gastric-intestinal phase followed by fresh fecal inoculation fermentation is suitable for in vitro diet evaluation. The enzyme activity in the fermentation and the fecal samples might provide a simple and effective estimation tool for nitrogen-related odor emission prediction in both in vitro and in vivo experiments.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 109-2321-B-002-054).

References

  1. Le PD, Aarnink AJA, Ogink NWM, Becker PM, Verstegen MWA. Odour from animal production facilities: its relationship to diet. Nutr Res Rev 2005;18:3-30. https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR200592
  2. Shriver JA, Carter SD, Sutton AL, Richert BT, Senne BW, Pettey LA. Effects of adding fiber sources to reduced-crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diets on nitrogen excretion, growth performance, and carcass traits of finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2003;81:492-502. https://doi.org/10.2527/2003.812492x
  3. Bohn T, Carriere F, Day L, et al. Correlation between in vitro and in vivo data on food digestion. What can we predict with static in vitro digestion models? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 58:2239-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1315362
  4. Dupont D, Alric M, Blanquet-Diot S, et al. Can dynamic in vitro digestion systems mimic the physiological reality? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019;59:1546-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1421900
  5. Uerlings J, Schroyen M, Bautil A, et al. In vitro prebiotic potential of agricultural by-products on intestinal fermentation, gut barrier and inflammatory status of piglets. Br J Nutr 2020;123:293-307. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114519002873
  6. Pellikaan WF, Verdonk JMAJ, Shim SB, Verstegen MWA. Adaptive capacity of faecal microbiota from piglets receiving diets with different types of inulin-type fructans. Livest Sci 2007;108:178-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.087
  7. Chen L, Gao LX, Huang QH, Lu QP, Sa RN, Zhang HF. Prediction of digestible energy of feed ingredients for growing pigs using a computer-controlled simulated digestion system. J Anim Sci 2014;92:3887-94. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-7092
  8. National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th ed. Washington, DC, USA: National Academies Press; 2012.
  9. Minekus M, Alminger M, Alvito P, et al. A standardised static in vitro digestion method suitable for food - an international consensus. Food Funct 2014;5:1113-24. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3fo60702j
  10. Williams BA, Bosch MW, Boer H, Verstegen MWA, Tamminga S. An in vitro batch culture method to assess potential fermentability of feed ingredients for monogastric diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005;123-4:445-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANIFEEDSCI.2005.04.031
  11. Bauer E, Williams B, Voigt C, Mosenthin R, Verstegen M. Microbial activities of faeces from unweaned and adult pigs, in relation to selected fermentable carbohydrates. Anim Sci 2001;73:313-22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135772980005829X
  12. Horwitz W, Latimer GW. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 18th ed. Gaithersburg, MD, USA: AOAC International; 2005.
  13. Schmidt M, Bornscheuer UT. High-throughput assays for lipases and esterases. Biomol Eng 2005;22:51-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioeng.2004.09.004
  14. Jaworski NW, Laerke HN, Bach Knudsen KE, Stein HH. Carbohydrate composition and in vitro digestibility of dry matter and nonstarch polysaccharides in corn, sorghum, and wheat and coproducts from these grains. J Anim Sci 2015;93:1103-13. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8147
  15. Graham H, Lowgren W, Aman P. An in vitro method for studying digestion in the pig. 2. Comparison with in vivo ileal and faecal digestibilities. Br J Nutr 1989;61:689-98. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19890155
  16. Dai X, Karring H. A determination and comparison of urease activity in feces and fresh manure from pig and cattle in relation to ammonia production and pH changes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110402. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110402
  17. Macfarlane GT, Gibson GR. Metabolic activities of the normal colonic flora. In: Gibson SAW, editors. Human health. Springer Series in Applied Biology. London, UK: Springer; 1994. pp. 17-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3443-5_2
  18. Li Y, Wei H, Li F, et al. Supplementation of branched-chain amino acids in protein-restricted diets modulates the expression levels of amino acid transporters and energy metabolism associated regulators in the adipose tissue of growing pigs. Anim Nutr 2016;2:24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2016.01.003
  19. Le Bellego L, van Milgen J, Noblet J. Effect of high temperature and low-protein diets on the performance of growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2002;80:691-701. https://doi.org/10.2527/2002.803691x
  20. Kay RM, Lee PA. Ammonia emission from pig buildings and characteristics of slurry produced by pigs offered low crude protein diets. Proceeding International Symposium Ammonia and Odour Control from Animal Production Facilities; Vinkeloord, Netherlands. 1997. pp. 253-9.
  21. Otto ER, Yokoyama M, Hengemuehle S, von Bermuth RD, van Kempen T, Trottier NL. Ammonia, volatile fatty acids, phenolics, and odor offensiveness in manure from growing pigs fed diets reduced in protein concentration. J Anim Sci 2003;81:1754-63. https://doi.org/10.2527/2003.8171754x
  22. Yu M, Zhang C, Yang Y, et al. Long-term effects of early antibiotic intervention on blood parameters, apparent nutrient digestibility, and fecal microbial fermentation profile in pigs with different dietary protein levels. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017;8:60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-017-0192-2
  23. Cho S, Hwang O, Park S. Effect of dietary protein levels on composition of odorous compounds and bacterial ecology in pig manure. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2015;28:1362-70. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.0078
  24. Keseler IM, Mackie A, Peralta-Gil M, et al. EcoCyc: Fusing model organism databases with systems biology. Nucleic Acids Res 2013;41:D605-12. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1027
  25. Wong J, Piceno YM, DeSantis TZ, Pahl M, Andersen GL, Vaziri ND. Expansion of urease-and uricase-containing, indole-and p-cresol-forming and contraction of short-chain fatty acid-producing intestinal microbiota in ESRD. Am J Nephrol 2014;39:230-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000360010
  26. Recharla N, Kim K, Park J, et al. Effects of amino acid composition in pig diet on odorous compounds and microbial characteristics of swine excreta. J Anim Sci Technol 2017;59: 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-017-0153-5
  27. Hobbs PJ, Pain BF, Kay RM, Lee PA. Reduction of odorous compounds in fresh pig slurry by dietary control of crude protein. J Sci Food Agric 1996;71:508-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199608)71:4<508::AID-JSFA610>3.0.CO;2-0
  28. Turner LW, Cromwell GL, Bridges TC, Carter S, Gates RS. Ammonia (NH3) emission from swine waste as influenced by diet manipulation. In: Proceeding 1st International Conference Air Pollution from Agriculture, Operations; Kansas City, MO, USA; 1996. pp. 453-8.
  29. Zhang H, Wielen NVD, Hee BVD, Wang J, Hendriks W, Gilbert M. Impact of fermentable protein, by feeding high protein diets, on microbial composition, microbial catabolic activity, gut health and beyond in pigs. Microorganisms 2020; 8:1735. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111735
  30. Smith EA, Macfarlane GT. Dissimilatory amino acid metabolism in human colonic bacteria. Anaerobe 1997;3:327-37. https://doi.org/10.1006/anae.1997.0121