References
- Lese TD, Molbak L. 2009. Better living through microbial action: the benefits of the mammalian gastrointestinal microbiota on the host. Environ. Microbiol. 11: 2194-2206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01941.x
- Kaper JB, Nataro JP, Mobley HL. 2004. Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat. Rev. Microb. 2: 123-140. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro818
- Feng Y, Mannion A, Madden CM, Swennes AG, Townes C, Byrd C, et al. 2017. Cytotoxic Escherichia coli strains encoding colibactin and cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF) colonize laboratory macaques. Gut Pathog. 9: 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-017-0220-y
- Patel IR, Gangiredla J, Mammel MK, Lampel KA, Elkins CA, Lacher D. 2018. Draft genome sequences of the Escherichia coli reference (ECOR) collection. Microbiol. Resour. Announc. e07: 1133-18.
- El-Aouar Filho RA, Nicolas A, De Paula Castro TL, Deplanche M, De Carvalho Azevedo VA, Goossens PL, et al. 2017. Heterogeneous family of cyclomodulins: smart weapons that allow bacteria to hijack the eukaryotic cell cycle and promote infections. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbial. 7: 208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2017.00208
- Lax AJ. 2007. New genotoxin shows diversity of bacterial attack mechanisms. Trends Mol. Med. 13: 91-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2007.01.001
- Hussein MT, Al-Qaysi SA, Rathi MH, Hussein QI, Moussa TA. 2020. Prevalence and characterization of some colibactin genes in clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Iraqi Patients. Baghdad Sci. J. 17: (Suppl.) 1113-1123. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2020.17.3(Suppl.).1113
- Brotherton CA. 2016. Investigations of the biosynthesis and structure of colibactin, a cytotoxin made by human-associated Escherichia coli (Doctoral dissertation), Harvard University, Graduate school of Arts & Science.
- Fais T, Delmas J, Barnich N, Bonnet, R, Dalmasso G. 2018. Colibactin: more than a new bacterial toxin. Toxins 10: 151. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10040151
- Oswald E, De Rycke J, Guillot JF, Boivin R. 1989. Cytotoxic effect of multinucleation in HeLa cell cultures associated with the presence of Vir plasmid in Escherichia coli strains. FEMS Microbial. Lett. 58: 95-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03025.x
- Landraud L, Gauthier M, Fosse T, Boquet P. 2000. Frequency of Escherichia coli strains producing the cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF1) in nosocomial urinary tract infections. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 30: 213-216. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00698.x
- Bossuet-Greif N, Belloy M, Boury M, Oswald E, Nougayrede JP. 2017. Protocol for HeLa cells infection with Escherichia coli strains producing colibactin and quantification of the induced DNA-damage. Bio Protoc. 7: e2520.
- Nougayrede JP, Homburg S, Taieb F, Boury M, Brzuszkiewicz E, Gottschalk G, et al. 2006. Escherichia coli induces DNA doublestrand breaks in eukaryotic cells. Science 313: 848-851. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127059
- McCoy CS, Mannion AJ, Feng Y, Madden CM, Artim SC, Au GG, et al. 2021. Cytotoxic Escherichia coli strains encoding colibactin, cytotoxic necrotizing factor, and cytolethal distending toxin colonize laboratory common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Sci. Rep. 11: 2309. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80000-1
- Slavchev G, Pisareva E, Markova N. 2009. Virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J. Cult. Coll. 6: 3-9.
- Sharma S, Bhat GK, Shenoy S. 2007. Virulence factors and drug resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from extraintestinal infections. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 25: 369-373. https://doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.37341
- Dubois D, Delmas, J, Cady A, Robin F, Sivignon A, Oswald E, et al. 2010. Cyclomodulins in urosepsis strains of Escherichia coli. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48: 2122-2129. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02365-09
- Cavalieri SJ, Harbeck RJ, McCarter YS, Ortez JH, Rankin ID, Sautter RL, et al. 2005. Manual of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. USA. American society for Microbiology Press.
- Johnson JR, Johnston B, Kuskowski MA, Nougayrede JP, Oswald E. 2008. Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic distribution of the Escherichia coli pks genomic island. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46: 3906-3911. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00949-08
- Al-Saily HM, Al-Halbosiy M, Al-Hady FN. 2019. Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of cyproterone acetate against cancer cells and normal cells. J. Biotechnol. Res. Cen. 13: 68-74. https://doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2019.13.1.571
- Tronnrt S, Oswald E. 2018. Quantification of colibactin-associated genotoxicity in HeLa cells by in cell western (ICW) using -H2AX as a marker. Bio Protoc. 8: e2771.
- Mohammed ZY, Al-Jumaily EF, Yaseen NY. 2009. In vitro cytotoxic study for partially purified resveratrol extracted from grape skin fruit Vitis vinifera. J. Biotechnol. Res. Cen. 3: 40-47. https://doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2009.3.2.66
- Morgan RN, Saleh SE, Farrag HA, Aboulwafa MM. 2019. Prevalence and pathologic effects of colibactin and cytotoxic necrotizing factor-1 (Cnf 1) in Escherichia coli: experimental and bioinformatics analyses. Gut Pathog. 11: 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-019-0304-y
- SAS. 2012. Statistical Analysis System, User's Guide. Statistical. Version 9.1th ed. SAS. Inst. Inc. Cary. N.C. USA.
- Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ. 2015. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 13: 269-284. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3432
- Harwalkar A, Gupta S, Rao A, Srinivasa H. 2014. Lower prevalence of hlyD, papC and cnf-1 genes in ciprofloxacin-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli than their susceptible counterparts isolated from southern India. J. Infect. Public Health 7: 413-419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2014.04.002
- Derakhshandeh A, Firouzi R, Motamedifar M, Arabshahi S, Novinrooz A, Boroojeni AM, et al. 2015. Virulence characteristics and antibiotic resistance patterns among various phylogenetic groups of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. JPN J. Infect. Dis. 68: 428-431. https://doi.org/10.7883/yoken.JJID.2014.327
- Piatti G, Mannini A, Balistreri M, Schito AM. 2008. Virulence factors in urinary Escherichia coli strains: phylogenetic background and quinolone and fluoroquinolone resistance. J. Clin. Microbiol. 4: 480-487.
- Sonstein SA, Burnham JC. 1993. Effect of low concentrations of quinolone antibiotics on bacterial virulence mechanisms. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 16: 277-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0732-8893(93)90078-L
- Krieger JN, Dobrindt U, Riley DE, Oswald E. 2011. Acute Escherichia coli prostatitis in previously health young men: bacterial virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, and clinical outcomes. Urology 77: 1420-1425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2010.12.059
- Marini RP, Taylor NS, Liang AY, Knox KA, Pena JA, Schauer DB, et al. 2004. Characterization of hemolytic Escherichia coli strains in ferrets: recognition of candidate virulence factor CNF1. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 5904-5908. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.12.5904-5908.2004
- Raisch J, Buc E, Bonnet M, Sauvanet P, Vazeille E, de Vallee A, et al. 2014. Colon cancer-associated B2 Escherichia coli colonize gut mucosa and promote cell proliferation. World J. Gastroenterol. 20: 6560. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i21.6560
- Kurnick SA, Mannion AJ, Feng Y, Madden CM, Chamberlain P, Fox JG. 2019. Genotoxic Escherichia coli strains encoding colibactin, cytolethal distending toxin, and cytotoxic necrotizing factor in laboratory rats. Comp. Med. 69: 103-113. https://doi.org/10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000099
- Nougayrede JP, Homburg S, Taieb F, Boury M, Brzuszkiewicz E, Gottschalk G, et al. 2006. Escherichia coli induces DNA double-strand breaks in eukaryotic cells. Science 313: 848-851. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127059
- Lemonnier, M, Landraud L, Lemichez E. 2007. Rho GTPase-activating bacterial toxins: from bacterial virulence regulation to eukaryotic cell biology. FEMS Microbial. Rev. 31: 515-534. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00078.x
- Zdziarski J, Svanborg C, Wullt B, Hacker J, Dobrindt U. 2008. Molecular basis of commensalism in the urinary tract: low virulence or virulence attenuation. Infect. Immun. 76: 695-703. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01215-07