Acknowledgement
This research was funded by the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) Research Initiative Program (KGM5362221) and the Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development (Project No. PJ0158002022), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
References
- Belter A. 2016. Long-term monitoring of field trial sites with genetically modified oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Fifteen years persistence to date but no spatial dispersion. Genes 7:3.
- Benvenuti S, Macchia M, Miele S. 2001. Quantitative analysis of emergence of seedlings from buried weed seeds with increasing soil depth. Weed Science 49:528-535. https://doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0528:QAOEOS]2.0.CO;2
- Busi R, Powles SB. 2016. Transgenic glyphosate-resistant canola (Brassica napus) can persist outside agricultural fields in Australia. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 220:28-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.12.028
- Crawley MJ, Brown SL. 1995. Seed limitation and the dynamics of feral oilseed rape on the M25 motorway. Proceedings of Royal Society of London B 259:49-54. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1995.0008
- Crawley MJ, Brown SL. 2004. Spatially structured population dynamics in feral oilseed rape. Proceedings of Royal Society of London B 271:1909-1916.
- Crawley MJ, Halls RS, Rees M, Kohn D, Buxton J. 1993. Ecology of transgenic oilseed rape in natural habitats. Nature 363:620-623. https://doi.org/10.1038/363620a0
- D'Hertefeldt T, Jorgensen RB, Pettersson LB. 2008. Long-term persistence of GM oilseed rape in the seedbank. Biology Letters 4:314-317.
- Dixon GR. 2007. Vegetable brassicas and related crucifers. CABI, Wallingford, UK.
- Franzaring J, Wedlich K, Fangmeier A, Eckert S, Zipperle J, Krah-Jentgens I, Hunig C, Zughart W. 2016. Exploratory study on the presence of GM oilseed rape near German oil mills. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23:23300-23307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7735-5
- Hecht M, Oehen B, Schulze J, Brodmann P, Bagutti C. 2014. Detection of feral GT73 transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) along railway lines on entry routes to oilseed factories in Switzerland. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21:1455-1465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1881-9
- Hooks CRR, Johnson MW. 2003. Impact of agricultural diversification on the insect community of cruciferous crops. Crop Protection 22:223-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00172-2
- Katsuta K, Matsuo K, Yoshimura Y, Ohsawa R. 2015. Long-term monitoring of feral genetically modified herbicidetolerant Brassica napus populations around unloading Japanese ports. Breeding Science 65:265-275. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.65.265
- Kim YJ, Lee JH, Harn CH, Kim CG. 2018. Levels of Cry1Ac1 protein in herbivorous and predatory arthropods in fields of Bacillus thuringiensis cabbage. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 21:1048-1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2018.07.023
- Kim YJ, Moon DB, Nam KJ, Lee JH, Harn CH, Kim CG. 2015. Effects of transgenic cabbage expressing Cry1Ac1 protein on target pests and the non-target arthropod community under field conditions. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 18:657-668.
- KNA (Korea National Arboretum). 2016. Korean plant names index. Accessed in http://www.nature.go.kr/kpni/index.do on 17 March 2016. [in Korean]
- Lamb JR. 1989. Entomology of oilseed Brassica crops. Annual Review of Entomology 34:211-229. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.001235
- Lee BK. 2020. A study on the environmental monitoring and safety management of genetically modified canola. Weed & Turfgrass Science 9:209-218. [in Korean] https://doi.org/10.5660/WTS.2020.9.3.209
- Lee BK, Oh SD, Cho YS. 2021. Perception of agricultural biotechnology according to information navigation activities on agricultural biotechnology. Korean Journal of Agricultural Science 48:761-770. [in Korean] https://doi.org/10.7744/KJOAS.20210064
- Lee TB. 2003. Coloured flora of Korea. Hyangmun Co., Seoul, Korea. [in Korean]
- Lopez-Granados F, Lutman PJW. 1998. Effect of environmental conditions on the dormancy and germination of volunteer oilseed rape seed (Brassica napus). Weed Science 46:419-423. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500090834
- MAFRA (Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs). 2017. Press release. Monitoring of unapproved genetically modified canola and their disposal. June 7, 2017. MAFRA, Sejong, Korea. [in Korean]
- Meffin R, Duncan RP, Hulme PE. 2015. Landscape-level persistence and distribution of alien feral crops linked to seed transport. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 203:119-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.01.024
- Mizuguti A, Yoshimura Y, Shibaike H, Matsuo K. 2011. Persistence of feral populations of Brassica napus originated from spilled seeds around the Kashima seaport in Japan. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 45:181-185. https://doi.org/10.6090/jarq.45.181
- Nagasaka K, Ohsaki N. 2002. Differences in host plant selection among three Athalia sawflies feeding on crucifers in Japan. Ecological Entomology 27:326-337. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2311.2002.00413.x
- Nishizawa T, Nakajima N, Tamaoki M, Aono M, Kubo A, Saji H. 2016. Fixed-route monitoring and a comparative study of the occurrence of herbicide-resistant oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) along a Japanese roadside. GM Crops & Food 7:20-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2016.1138196
- Park SH. 2009. New illustrations and photographs of naturalized plants of Korea. Ilchokak, Seoul, Korea. [in Korean]
- Parker IM, Kareiva P. 1996. Assessing the risks of invasion for genetically engineered plants: Acceptable evidence and reasonable doubt. Biological Conservation 78:193-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(96)00028-6
- Pekrun C, Hewitt JDJ, Lutman PJW. 1998. Cultural control of volunteer oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Journal of Agricultural Science 130:155-163. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859697005169
- Pessel FD, Lecomte J, Emeriau V, Krouti M, Messean A, Gouyon PH. 2001. Persistence of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) outside of cultivated fields. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 102:841-846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220100583
- Saji H, Nakajima N, Aono M, Tamaoki M, Kubo A, Wakiyama S, Hatase Y, Nagatsu M. 2005. Monitoring the escape of transgenic oilseed rape around Japanese ports and roadsides. Environmental Biosafety Research 4:217-222. https://doi.org/10.1051/ebr:2006003
- Schafer MG, Ross AA, Londo JP, Burdick CA, Henry LE, Travers SE, Van de Water PK, Sagers CL. 2011. The establishment of genetically engineered canola populations in the U.S. PLOS ONE 6:e25736.
- Schoenenberger N, D'Andrea L. 2012. Surveying the occurrence of subspontaneous glyphosate-tolerant genetically engineered Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae) along Swiss railways. Environmental Science Europe 24:23.
- Shin SY, Jo BH, Moon JC, Lee JR, Choi W, Seol MA, Kim MJ, Song HR. 2016. Detection of LM canola with tolerance to glyphosate and glufosinate-ammonium via the environmental monitoring in South Korea. Journal of Plant Biotechnology 43:479-485. [in Korean]
- Snow AA, Andow DA, Gepts P, Hallerman EM, Power A, Tiedje JM, Wolfenbarger LL. 2005. Genetically engineered organisms and the environment: current status and recommendations. Ecological Applications 15:377-404. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0539
- Sparrow SD, Conn JS, Knight CW. 1990. Canola seed survival over winter in the field in Alaska. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70:799-807. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-097
- Wolfenbarger LL, Phifer PR. 2000. The ecological risks and benefits of genetically engineered plants. Science 290:2088-2093. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5499.2088
- Yi H, Lee BK. 2021. Development of field application technology to reduce the environmental effects of LM canola for seed. MAFRA, Sejong, Korea. [in Korean]
- Yoshimura Y, Beckie HJ, Matsuo K. 2006. Transgenic oilseed rape along transportation routes and port of Vancouver in western Canada. Environmental Biosafety Research 5:67-75. https://doi.org/10.1051/ebr:2006019
- Yoshimura Y, Tominozon S, Matsuo K. 2016. Seed production of wild Brassica juncea on riversides in Japan. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 50:335-343. https://doi.org/10.6090/jarq.50.335