Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue (한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제)

Korean Psychological Association of Culture and Social Issues (한국문화및사회문제심리학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

How Age Diverse Images on Social Media Influence Self-continuity and Impatience in Intertemporal Preference: Focusing on Women in 20s

소셜 미디어에서 경험하는 다양한 연령의 이미지가 미래 자기 연결성 및 지연 보상 선택에 미치는 영향: 20대 여성을 중심으로

  • Received : 2021.02.08
  • Accepted : 2021.05.07
  • Published : 2021.05.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

How an individual construes one's future influences everyday decisions. For example, savings and impulsive purchasing, which is highly familiar with our life, are related to future time perception. Drawing on the idea of future self-continuity, the perceived connectedness between the current and future self, this study demonstrated whether media images with various age ranges influence a sense of connectedness with one's future self as well as impatience. Furthermore, the study measured whether these relationships were moderated by the positivity of older adults and an individual's dispositional optimism in general. Results showed that watching various images of people with a wide range of age (from the 20s to 90s) in social media increased young adults' (the 20s) self-continuity and decreased their intention of impatient consumption. This effect was also moderated by the degree to which the participants perceive aging positively.

자신의 미래 시간을 느끼는 정도는 그 사람의 다양한 행동에 영향을 미친다. 특히 미래를 대비하는 행동인 저축, 혹은 미래에 상관없이 지금 감정에 맞춰 행동하는 충동구매 등 다양한 소비행동이 미래 시간 인식과 맞닿아 있다. 본 연구는 미래 자기 연결성에 초점을 맞춰 현재와 미래의 자기가 이어져 있다고 느끼는 정도가 소셜 미디어에서 제공되는 이미지를 통해 얼마나 변화하는지 살펴보고자했다. 그리고 이 변화를 통해 실제 지연 보상 선택 경향성, 즉 미래의 큰 보상을 위해 현재의 쾌락적 선택을 포기하는 정도가 얼마나 늘어나는지 알아보고자 했다. 또한 이 관계가 노년에 대한 긍정적 지각과 성향적 낙관성에 따라 변화할 지를 측정하였다. 연구 결과, 다양한 나이의 사람들을 SNS를 통해 보여주는 것은 실제 참여자(20대)의 미래 자기 연결성과 소비 선택에서의 인내심을 증가시켰다. 또한 이 관계는 나이 듦에 대한 인식 수준에 따라 변화하였다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 논문은 2019년 대한민국 교육부와 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임(NRF-2019S1A5B5A07094484).

References

  1. 김정선, 강숙 (2012). 베이비붐세대의 자녀돌봄부담감, 노화불안, 노후준비 및 삶의 질. 한국보건간호학회지, 26(3), 440-452. https://doi.org/10.5932/JKPHN.2012.26.3.440
  2. 백인해, 정태연 (2021). 세대와 성별에 따른 신체적 매력과 호감 지각의 집단 차이에 대한 검증. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 27(1), 73-93.
  3. 서은현, 윤가현 (2001). 여성이 지각하는 주관적 연령. 한국심리학회지: 여성, 6(1), 61-70.
  4. 서은희, 최지연, 정영숙 (2018). 중년 여성의 노화 불안과 미래 시간 조망 및 행복의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 31(2), 21-40 https://doi.org/10.21193/KJSPP.2017.31.2.002
  5. 신현숙 (2005). 청소년의 낙관성 및 비관성과 심리적 적응의 관계에서 대처의 매개효과. 청소년학연구. 12(3), 24-41.
  6. 신현숙, 류정희, 이명자 (2005). 청소년의 낙관성과 비관성: 1-요인 모형과 2-요인 모형의 검증. 한국심리학회지: 학교. 2(1), 79-97.
  7. 우석봉 (2017). 광고효과의 심리학, 서울: 학지사.
  8. 윤유경 (2000). 주관적 연령지각과 관련요인에 관한 개관. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 19(1), 61-78.
  9. 윤진 (1988). 인생의 단계와 그 연령기준 (1) - 청년기. 중년기. 노년기 그리고 취업 및 은퇴적령기에 대한 대학생과 노인의 지각 비교-. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 7(2), 127-139
  10. 이루리, 고서진 (2018). 소비자의 실제 연령과 사회심리학적 연령 간 차이에 따른 효과적인 광고 메시지의 유형. 대한경영학회지, 31, 625-646.
  11. 이윤상, 김수현, 서가인, 조은강 (2016). 부정적 정서 조건에서의 지연 할인(Delay Discounting)에 따른 반응시간의 변화. 한국심리학회 학술대회 자료집, 394-394.
  12. 이현서, 정영숙 (2018). 성인초기와 중년후기의 균형적 시간관과 주관적 안녕감과의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 24(4), 615-636.
  13. 정지미, 이동일 (2008). 인지연령이 브랜드-소비자 관계에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구. 한국유통학회 학술대회 발표논문집, 135-150.
  14. Ainslie, George (1975), Specious Reward: A Behavioral Theory of Impulsiveness and Impulse Control. Psychological Bulletin, 82(4), 463-496. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076860
  15. Ariely, D., & Zakay, D. (2001). A timely account of the role of duration in decision making. Acta psychologica, 108(2), 187-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6918(01)00034-8
  16. Bartels, D. M., & Urminsky, O. (2011). On intertemporal selfishness: How the perceived instability of identity underlies impatient consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 38(1), 182-198. https://doi.org/10.1086/658339
  17. Berndsen, M., & van der Pligt, J. (2001). Time is on my side: Optimism in intertemporal choice. Acta Psychologica, 108(2), 173-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6918(01)00029-4
  18. Blackwell, S. E., Rius-Ottenheim, N., SchultevanMaaren, Y., Carlier, I., Middelkoop, V., Zitman, F., et al. (2013). Optimism and mental imagery: A possible cognitive marker to promote well-being? Psychiatry Research, 206, 56-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.047
  19. Bolen, W. (1984). Advertising (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  20. Bonder, E., Shrira, A., Bergman, Y. S., & Cohen-Fridel, S. (2015). Anxieties about aging and death and psychological distress: The protective role of emotional complexity. Personality and Individual Differences, 83, 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.052
  21. Bowman, D., McGann, M., Kimberley, H., & Biggs, S. (2017). 'Rusty, invisible and threatening': ageing, capital and employability. Work, employment and society, 31(3), 465-482. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017016645732
  22. Brown, Z., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). Attractive celebrity and peer images on Instagram: Effect on women's mood and body image. Body image, 19, 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.08.007
  23. Cairns, J., & van der Pol, M. (2000), Valuing Future Private and Social Benefits: The Discounted Utility Model versus Hyperbolic Discounting Models. Journal of Economic Psychology, 21(2), 191-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(99)00042-2
  24. Calogero, R. M. (2012) Objectification theory, self-objectification, and body image. In: Cash, Thomas, ed. Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, 574-580. Cambridge: Academic Press.
  25. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2003). Optimisim. In Lopez, S. J., & Snyder, C. R. (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures, 75-90. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  26. Clarke, L. H. (2018). Women, aging, and beauty culture: Navigating the social perils of looking old. Generations, 41(4), 104-108.
  27. Ersner-Hershfield, H., Garton, M. T., Ballard, K., Samanez-Larkin, G. R., & Knutson, B. (2009). Don't stop thinking about tomorrow: Individual differences in future self-continuity account for saving. Judgment and Decision Making, 4(4), 280-286.
  28. Ersner-Hershfield, H., Wimmer, G. E., & Knutson, B. (2009). Saving for the future self: Neural measures of future self-continuity predict temporal discounting. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 4(1), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsn042
  29. Ferguson, C. J., Winegard, B., & Winegard, B. M. (2011). Who is the fairest one of all? How evolution guides peer and media influences on female body dissatisfaction. Review of General Psychology, 15(1), 11-28. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022607
  30. Frederick, S., Loewenstein, G. F., & O'Donoghue, T. (2002), Time Discounting and Time Preference: A Critical Review. Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2), 351-401. https://doi.org/10.1257/002205102320161311
  31. Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of women quarterly, 21(2), 173-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
  32. Gaudreau, P., & Blondin, J. P. (2004). The differential associations of dispositional optimism and pessimism with coping, goal attainment, and emotional adjustment during a sport competition. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(3), 245-269. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.11.3.245
  33. Gherasim, L. R., Mairean, C., & Rusu, A. (2016). Dispositional Optimism and Judgments of Future Life Events: Affective States as Moderators. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(3), 1015-1031. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9629-5
  34. Green, L., Fry, A. F., & Myerson, J. (1994), Discounting of Delayed Rewards: A Life-Span Comparison. Psychological Science, 5(1), 33-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00610.x
  35. Grogan, S. (2017). Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women and Children. New York: Routledge.
  36. Hausman, J. (1979), Individual Discount Rates and the Purchase and Utilization of Energy-Using Durables. Bell Journal of Economics, 10(1), 33-54. https://doi.org/10.2307/3003318
  37. Hawes, T., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Campbell, S. M. (2020) Unique associations of social media use and online appearance preoccupation with depression, anxiety, and appearance rejection sensitivity, Body Image, 33, 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.02.010
  38. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: a Regression-Based Approach. New York, NewYork: The Guilford Press.
  39. Herbozo, S., Tantleff-Dunn, S., Gokee-Larose, J., & Thompson, J. K. (2004). Beauty and thinness messages in children's media: A content analysis. Eating disorders, 12(1), 21-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260490267742
  40. Hershfield, H. E. (2011). Future self continuity: How conceptions of the future self transform intertemporal choice. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1235(1), 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06201.x
  41. Hershfield, H. E. (2019). The self over time. Current Opinion in Psychology, 26, 72-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.06.004
  42. Hershfield, H. E., Goldstein, D. G., Sharpe, W. F., Fox, J., Yeykelis, L., Carstensen, L. L., & Bailenson, J. N. (2011). Increasing saving behavior through age-progressed renderings of the future self. Journal of Marketing Research, 48(SPL), S23-S37. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.48.SPL.S23
  43. Holland, G., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes. Body image, 17, 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.008
  44. Hurd Clarke, L., and Griffin, M. (2008). Visible and Invisible Ageing: Beauty Work as a Response to Ageism. Ageing and Society, 28(5), 653-674. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X07007003
  45. Ji, L. J., Hong, E. K., Guo, T., Zhang, Z., Su, Y., & Li, Y. (2019). Culture, psychological proximity to the past and future, and self continuity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(4), 735-747. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2544
  46. Joo, J., Li, W., Steen, F. F., & Zhu, S. C. (2014). Visual persuasion: Inferring communicative intents of images. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 216-223.
  47. Jyrkinen, M., & McKie, L. (2012). Gender, Age and Ageism: Experiences of Women Managers in Finland and Scotland. Work, Employment and Society, 26(1), 61-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017011426313
  48. Klineberg, S. L. (1968). Future time perspective and the preference for delayed reward. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(3, Pt.1), 253-257. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025581
  49. Lasher, K. P. & Faulkender, P. J. (1993). Measurement of aging anxiety: development of the anxiety about aging scale. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 37(4), 247-259. https://doi.org/10.2190/1U69-9AU2-V6LH-9Y1L
  50. Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Kunkel, S. R., & Kasl, S. V. (2002). Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. Journal of personality and social psychology, 83(2), 261-270. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.261
  51. Levy, B. R., Zonderman, A. B., Slade, M. D., & Ferrucci, L. (2009). Age stereotypes held earlier in life predict cardiovascular events in later life. Psychological Science, 20(3), 296-298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02298.x
  52. Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (1998). The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions: A test of temporal construal theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.5
  53. Lockenhoff, C. E. (2011). Age, time, and decision making - from processing speed to global time horizons. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1235, 44-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06209.x
  54. Lockenhoff, C. E., & Rutt, J. L. (2017). Age differences in self-continuity: Converging evidence and directions for future research. The Gerontologist, 57(3), 396-408. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx010
  55. Lockenhoff, C. E., De Fruyt, F., Terracciano, A., McCrae, R. R., De Bolle, M., Costa, P. T., Aguilar-Vafaie, M. E., Ahn, C.-k., Ahn, H.-n., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Avdeyeva, T. V., Barbaranelli, C., Benet-Martinez, V., Blatny, M., Bratko, D., Cain, T. R., Crawford, J. T., Lima, M. P., ... Yik, M. (2009). Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates. Psychology and Aging, 24(4), 941-954. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016901
  56. Martin, M. C., & Kennedy, P. F. (1993). Advertising and social comparison: Consequences for female preadolescents and adolescents. Psychology & Marketing, 10(6), 513-530. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.4220100605
  57. Paraskeva, N., Lewis-Smith, H., & Diedrichs, P. C. (2017). Consumer opinion on social policy approaches to promoting positive body image: Airbrushed media images and disclaimer labels. Journal of Health Psychology, 22(2), 164-175. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105315597052
  58. Parfit, D. (1971). Personal Identity. The Philosophical Review, 80(1), 3-27. https://doi.org/10.2307/2184309
  59. Parfit, D. 1987. Reasons and Persons. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  60. Peters, G. R. (1971). Self-conceptions of the aged, age identification, and aging. The Gerontologist, 11(4, Pt. 2), 69-73. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/11.4_Part_2.69
  61. Petrova, P. K., & Cialdini, R. B. (2008). Evoking the imagination as a strategy of influence. In C. P. Haugtvedt, P. M. Herr, & F. R. Kardes (Eds.), Marketing and consumer psychology series: Vol. 4. Handbook of consumer psychology, 505-523. Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis Group/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  62. Pronin, E., & Ross, L. (2006). Temporal differences in trait self-ascription: When the self is seen as an other. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(2), 197-209. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.197
  63. Pronin, E., Olivola, C. Y., & Kennedy, K. A. (2008). Doing Unto Future Selves As You Would Do Unto Others: Psychological Distance and Decision Making. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(2), 224-236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207310023
  64. Ranyard, R., Crozier, W. R., & Svenson, O. (1997). Decision making: Cognitive models and explanations (Vol. 1). Hove: Psychology Press.
  65. Richins, M. L. (1991). Social comparison and the idealized images of advertising. Journal of consumer research, 18(1), 71-83. https://doi.org/10.1086/209242
  66. Rossiter, J. R., & Percy, L. (1980). Attitude change through visual imagery in advertising. Journal of advertising, 9(2), 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1980.10673313
  67. Sanna, L. J., Chang, E. C., Carter, S. E., & Small, E. M. (2006). The future is now: Prospective temporal self-appraisals among defensive pessimists and optimists. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(6), 727-739. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205285896
  68. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219-247. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.4.3.219
  69. Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1063-1078. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063
  70. Sontag, S. (1997). The Double Standard of Aging. In M. Pearsall, ed., The Other Within Us: Feminist Explorations of Women and Aging. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  71. Soutschek, A., Ruff, C. C., Strombach, T., Kalenscher, T., & Tobler, P. N. (2016). Brain stimulation reveals crucial role of overcoming self-centeredness in self-control. Science advances, 2(10), e1600992. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600992
  72. Staats, S. (1996). Youthful and older biases as special cases of a self-age optimization bias. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 43(4), 267-276. https://doi.org/10.2190/DLVQ-BYE7-X5QX-11R9
  73. Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. American Psychological Association.
  74. Tiggemann, M. (2011). Mental health risks of self-objectification: A review of the empirical evidence for disordered eating, depressed mood, and sexual dysfunction. In R. M. Calogero, S. Tantleff-Dunn, & J. K. Thompson (Eds.), Self-objectification in women: Causes, consequences, and counteractions, 139-159. American Psychological Association.
  75. Tiggemann, M., & Zaccardo, M. (2015). "Exercise to be fit, not skinny": The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image. Body image, 15, 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.06.003
  76. Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2000). Temporal construal and time-dependent changes in preference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 876. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.6.876
  77. Urminsky, O & Goswami, I. (2015) Impatient to Achieve Or Impatient to Receive: How the Goal Gradient Effect Underlies Time Discounting, in NA - Advances in Consumer Research, 43, eds. Kristin Diehl and Carolyn Yoon, Duluth, MN : Association for Consumer Research, 74-79.
  78. Warner, J., T., & Pleeter, S. (2001). The Personal Discount Rate: Evidence from Military Downsizing Programs. American Economic Review, 91(1), 33-53. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.1.33
  79. Waugh, C. E., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2006). Nice to know you: Positive emotions, self-other overlap, and complex understanding in the formation of a new relationship. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 93-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500510569
  80. Wormwood, J. B., Lin, Y. R., Lynn, S. K., Barrett, L. F., & Quigley, K. S. (2019). Psychological impact of mass violence depends on affective tone of media content. PloS one, 14(4), e0213891. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213891
  81. Zauberman, G., Kim, B. K., Malkoc, S. A., & Bettman, J. R. (2009). Discounting time and time discounting: Subjective time perception and intertemporal preferences. Journal of Marketing Research, 46(4), 543-556. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.46.4.543
  82. Zauberman, G., & Urminsky, O. (2016). Consumer intertemporal preferences. Current Opinion in Psychology, 10, 136-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.01.005
  83. Zimbardo, P. G. & Boyd, J. N. (1999), Putting Time in Perspective: A Valid, Reliable Individual-Differences Metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271-1288. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271