References
- Alday JG, Marrs RH, Martinez-Ruiz C. Soil and vegetation development during early succession on restored coal wastes: a six-year permanent plot study. Plant Soil. 2012;353:305-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-1033-2
- Anderson MJ. A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecol. 2001;26:32-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x
- Anthelme F, Buendia B, Mazoyer C, Dangles O. Unexpected mechanisms sustain the stress gradient hypothesis in a tropical alpine environment. J Veg Sci. 2012;23:62-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01333.x
- Antonsson H, Bjork RG, Molau U. Nurse plant effect of the cushion plant Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq. in an alpine environment in the subarctic Scandes, Sweden Nurse plant effect of Silene acaulis in alpine tundra. Plant Ecol Divers. 2009;2:17-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550870902926504
- Armas C, Ordiales R, Pugnaire FI. Measuring plant interactions: a new comparative index. Ecology. 2004;85(10):2682-6. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0650
- Aubert S, Boucher F, Lavergne S, Renaud J, Choler P. 1914-2014: A revised worldwide catalogue of cushion plants 100 years after Hauri and Schroter. Alp Botany. 2014;124:59-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-014-0127-x
- Badano EI, Cavieres LA, Molina-Montenegro MA, Quiroz CL. Slope aspect influences plant association patterns in the Mediterranean matorral of central Chile. J Arid Environ. 2005;62(1):93-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.10.012
- Baig MN. Natural revegetation of coal mine spoils in the rocky mountains of Alberta and its significance for species selection in land restoration. Mt Res Dev. 1992;12(3):285-300. https://doi.org/10.2307/3673671
- Bertness MD, Callaway R. Positive interactions in communities. Trends Ecol Evol. 1994;9:187-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(94)90087-6
- Bonanomi G, Stinca A, Chirico GB, Ciaschetti G, Saracino A, Incerti G. Cushion plant morphology controls biogenic capability and facilitation effects of Silene acaulis along an elevation gradient. Funct Ecol. 2016;30:1216-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12596
- Carter CT, Ungar IA. Aboveground Vegetation. Seed Bank and Soil Analysis of a 31-year-old Forest Restoration on Coal Mine Spoil in Southeastern Ohio. Am Midl Nat. 2002;147(1):44-59. https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2002)147[0044:AVSBAS]2.0.CO;2
- Cavieres LA, Brooker RW, Butterfield BJ, Cook BJ, Kikvidze Z, Lortie CJ, et al. Facilitative plant interactions and climate simultaneously drive alpine plant diversity. Ecol Lett. 2014;17:193-202. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12217
- Colwell RK, Coddington JA. Estimating Terrestrial Biodiversity through Extrapolation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1994;345:101-18. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1994.0091
- De Caceres M, Legendre P. Associations between species and groups of sites: indices and statistical inference. Ecology. 2009;90(12):3566-74. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1823.1
- De Caceres M, Legendre P, Moretti M. Improving indicator species analysis by combining groups of sites. Oikos. 2010;119(10):1674-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18334.x
- Dowarah J, Deka Boruah HP, Gogoi J, Pathak N, Saikia N, Handique AK. Ecorestoration of a high-sulphur coal mine overburden dumping site in northeast India: A case study. J Earth Syst Sci. 2009;118:597-608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-009-0042-5
- Dufrene M, Legendre P. Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecol Monogr. 1997;67(3):345-66. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(1997)067[0345:SAAIST]2.0.CO;2
- Dvorsky M, Dolezal J, Kopecky M, Chlumska Z, Janatkova K, Altman J, et al. Testing the stress-gradient hypothesis at the roof of the world: effects of the cushion plant Thylacospermum caespitosum on species assemblages. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53514. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053514
- Elberling B, Sondergaard J, Jensen LA, Schmidt LB, Hansen BU, et al. Arctic vegetation damage by winter-generated coal mining pollution released upon thawing. Environ Sci Technol. 2007;41(7):2407-13. https://doi.org/10.1021/es061457x
- Erschbamer B, Mayer R. Can successional species groups be discriminated based on their life history traits? A study from a glacier foreland in the Central Alps. Plant Ecol Divers. 2011;4:341-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2012.664573
- Erschbamer B, Retter V. How long can glacier foreland species live? Flora. 2004;199:500-4. https://doi.org/10.1078/0367-2530-00178
- Espigares T, Moreno-de las Heras M, Nicolau JM. Performance of vegetation in reclaimed slopes affected by soil erosion. Restor Ecol. 2011;19(1):35-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2009.00546.x
- Farji-Brener AG, Chinchilla FA, Magrach A, Romero V, Rios M, Velilla M, et al. Slope orientation enhances the nurse effect of a paramo shrub. Hypericum irazuense (Hypericaceae) in Costa Rica. J Trop Ecol. 2009;25:331-5. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467409005999
- Fields-Johnson CW, Zipper CE, Burger JA, Evans DM. Forest restoration on steep slopes after coal surface mining in Appalachian USA: Soil grading and seeding effects. For Ecol Manag. 2012;270:126-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.01.018
- Forsythe GE, Malcom MA, Moler CB. Computer methods for mathematical computations. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall; 1977.
- Frenot Y, Gloaguen JC, Cannavacciuolo M, Bellido A. Primary succession on glacier forelands in the subantarctic Kerguelen Islands. J Veg Sci. 1998;9(1):75-84. https://doi.org/10.2307/3237225
- Gavini SS, Suarez GM, Ezcurra C, Aizen MA. Facilitation of vascular plants by cushion mosses in high-Andean communities. Alp Bot. 2019;129(2):137-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-019-00222-6
- Gotelli NJ, Colwell RK. Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecol Lett. 2001;4:379-91. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00230.x
- Hermansen P. Svalbard /Spitzbergen Guide. Oslo: Myrland Media; 2007.
- Hollesen J, Elberling B, Hansen BU. Modelling subsurface temperatures in a heat producing coal waste rock pile, Svalbard (78° N). Cold Reg Sci Technol. 2009;58(1-2):68-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.03.002
- Kjaer U, Olsen SL, Klanderud K. Shift from facilitative to neutral interactions by the cushion plant Silene acaulis along a primary succession gradient. J Veg Sci. 2018;29:42-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12584
- Kojima S. Three-year vegetation change in the Arctic environment as observed in a permanent plot in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard. Polar Biosci. 2004;17:123-7.
- Lee YK, Jung JY, Hwang Y, Lee K, Han DD, Lee EJ. Beautiful Arctic Tundra Plants. Seoul: GeoBook Publishing Co.; 2014.
- Liu M, Wang Y, Sun J, Zhang Z, Xu X, Zhou H, et al. Shift in nurse effect from facilitation to competition with increasing size of Salix cupularis canopy in a desertified alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. Catena. 2020;195:104757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104757
- Molenda O, Reid A, Lortie CJ. The Alpine cushion plant Silene acaulis as foundation species: a bug' s-eye view to facilitation and microclimate. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37223. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037223
- Moreno-de las Heras M, Nicolau JM, Espigares T, Moreno-de las Heras M, Nicolau JM. 2011, Performance of vegetation in reclaimed slopes affected by soil erosion: Restoration Ecology, v. 19, no. 1, p. 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2009.00546.x
- T. Vegetation succession in reclaimed coal-mining slopes in a Mediterranean-dry environment. Ecol Eng. 2008;34:168-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.07.017
- Nagamatsu D, Seiwa K, Sakai A. Seedling establishment of deciduous trees in various topographic positions. J Veg Sci. 2002;13(1):35-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02021.x
- Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin PR, O 'Hara RB, et al. vegan: Community Ecology Package. 2019. R package version 2.5-6. https://CRAN.Rproject.org/package=vegan.
- R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2020.
- Ren H, Yang L, Liu N. Nurse plant theory and its application in ecological restoration in lower subtropics of China. Prog Nat Sci. 2008;18:137-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2007.07.008
- Ronning, OI, flora of Svalbard, Norsk polarinstitutt; 1996.
- Rubel F, Kottek M. Observed and projected climate shifts 1901-2100 depicted by world maps of the Koppen-Geiger climate classification. Meteorol Zeitschrift. 2010;19(2):135-41. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2010/0430
- Schob C, Armas C, Guler M, Prieto I, Pugnaire FI. Variability in functional traits mediates plant interactions along stress gradients. J Ecol. 2013;101:753-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12062
- Schob C, Butterfield BJ, Pugnaire FI. Foundation species influence trait-based community assembly. New Phytol. 2012;196(3):824-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04306.x
- Singh AN, Singh JS. Experiments on Ecological Restoration of Coal Mine Spoil using Native Trees in a Dry Tropical Environment, India: A Synthesis. New For. 2006;31:25-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-004-6795-4
- Sondergaard J, Elberling B, Asmund G, Gudum C, Iversen KM. Temporal trends of dissolved weathering products released from a high Arctic coal mine waste rock pile in Svalbard (78°N). Appl Geochemistry. 2007;22:1025-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.02.004
- Stange R. Spitsbergen - Svalbard. Myrland: Oslo; 2007.
- Wang N, Jiao JY, Lei D, Chen Y, Wang DL. Effect of rainfall erosion: seedling damage and establishment problems. Land Degrad Dev. 2014;25(6):565-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2183
- Yang Y, Chen JG, Schob C, Sun H. Size-mediated interaction between a cushion species and other non-cushion species at high elevations of the Hengduan Mountains, SW China. Front Plant Sci. 2017;8:465.