Acknowledgement
We thank the field staff who provided the samples for this study.
References
- Bocaneti F, Altamura G, Corteggio A, Velescu E, Roperto F, Borzacchiello G. Bovine papillomavirus: new insights into an old disease. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2016;63(1):14-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12222
- Daudt C, Da Silva FRC, Lunardi M, Alves CBDT, Weber MN, Cibulski SP, et al. Papillomaviruses in ruminants: an update. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018;65(5):1381-1395. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12868
- Tomita Y, Literak I, Ogawa T, Jin Z, Shirasawa H. Complete genomes and phylogenetic positions of bovine papillomavirus type 8 and a variant type from a European bison. Virus Genes. 2007;35(2):243-249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-006-0055-y
- Silva MA, De Albuquerque BM, Pontes NE, Coutinho LC, Leitao MC, Reis MC, et al. Detection and expression of bovine papillomavirus in blood of healthy and papillomatosis-affected cattle. Genet Mol Res. 2013;12(3):3150-3156.
- Batista MV, Silva MA, Pontes NE, Reis MC, Corteggio A, Castro RS, et al. Molecular epidemiology of bovine papillomatosis and the identification of a putative new virus type in Brazilian cattle. Vet J. 2013;197(2):368-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.01.019
- He Z, Meng Q, Qiao J, Peng Y, Xie K, Liu Y, et al. Mixed nipple infections caused by variant of BPV3 and a putative new subtype of BPV in cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2016;63(1):e140-e143. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12238
- Hamad MA, Al-Shammari AM, Odisho SM, Yaseen NY. Molecular epidemiology of bovine papillomatosis and identification of three genotypes in Central Iraq. Intervirology. 2017;60(4):156-164. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486594
- Zhu W, Yuan D, Norimine J, Gao N, Fan S, Du Y, et al. Teat papillomatosis in dairy herds: first detection of bovine papillomavirus type 10 in China. J Vet Med Sci. 2019;81(7):1063-1066. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.18-0449
- de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H. Classification of papillomaviruses. Virology. 2004;324(1):17-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033
- Shimakura H, Dong J, Zhu W, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Kiriki K, et al. Full genome analysis of bovine papillomavirus type 1 derived from a calf with severe cutaneous multiple papillomatosis. J Vet Med Sci. 2018;80(11):1691-1695. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.18-0289
- Bernard HU, Burk RD, Chen Z, van Doorslaer K, zur Hausen H, de Villiers EM. Classification of papillomaviruses (PVs) based on 189 PV types and proposal of taxonomic amendments. Virology. 2010;401(1):70-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.002
- Lunardi M, de Camargo Tozato C, Alfieri AF, de Alcantara BK, Vilas-Boas LA, Otonel RA, et al. Genetic diversity of bovine papillomavirus types, including two putative new types, in teat warts from dairy cattle herds. Arch Virol. 2016;161(6):1569-1577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-2820-0
- Bauermann FV, Joshi LR, Mohr KA, Kutish GF, Meier P, Chase C, et al. A novel bovine papillomavirus type in the genus Dyokappapapillomavirus. Arch Virol. 2017;162(10):3225-3228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-017-3443-9
- Munday JS, Thomson N, Dunowska M, Knight CG, Laurie RE, Hills S. Genomic characterisation of the feline sarcoid-associated papillomavirus and proposed classification as Bos taurus papillomavirus type 14. Vet Microbiol. 2015;177(3-4):289-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.03.019
- Daudt C, da Silva FRC, Cibulski SP, Streck AF, Laurie RE, Munday JS, et al. Bovine papillomavirus 24: a novel member of the genus Xipapillomavirus detected in the Amazon region. Arch Virol. 2019;164(2):637-641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-4092-3
- Crespo SEI, Lunardi M, Otonel RAA, Headley SA, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Genetic characterization of a putative new type of bovine papillomavirus in the Xipapillomavirus 1 species in a Brazilian dairy herd. Virus Genes. 2019;55(5):682-687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-019-01694-8
- Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Tsuzuki M, Kasuya F, Chang HW, Haga T. Genomic characterization of a novel bovine papillomavirus type 28. Virus Genes. 2020;56(5):594-599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-020-01779-9
- da Silva FR, Cibulski SP, Daudt C, Weber MN, Guimaraes LL, Streck AF, et al. Novel bovine papillomavirus type discovered by rolling-circle amplification coupled with next-generation sequencing. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):e0162345. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162345
- da Silva FR, Daudt C, Cibulski SP, Weber MN, Varela AP, Mayer FQ, et al. Genome characterization of a bovine papillomavirus type 5 from cattle in the Amazon region, Brazil. Virus Genes. 2017;53(1):130-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-016-1406-y
- Forslund O, Antonsson A, Nordin P, Stenquist B, Goran Hansson B. A broad range of human papillomavirus types detected with a general PCR method suitable for analysis of cutaneous tumours and normal skin. J Gen Virol. 1999;80(Pt 9):2437-2443. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-80-9-2437
- Ogawa T, Tomita Y, Okada M, Shinozaki K, Kubonoya H, Kaiho I, et al. Broad-spectrum detection of papillomaviruses in bovine teat papillomas and healthy teat skin. J Gen Virol. 2004;85(Pt 8):2191-2197. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80086-0
- Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol. 2011;28(10):2731-2739. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121
- Watanabe S, Shibahara T, Andoh K, Hatama S, Mase M. Production of immunogenic recombinant L1 protein of bovine papillomavirus type 9 causing teat papillomatosis. Arch Virol. 2020;165(6):1441-1444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04612-8
- Savini F, Gallina L, Alberti A, Muller M, Scagliarini A. Bovine papillomavirus type 7 in Italy: complete genomes and sequence variants. Virus Genes. 2016a;52(2):253-260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-016-1298-x
- Van Doorslaer K, Chen Z, Bernard HU, Chan PK, DeSalle R, Dillner J, et al. ICTV virus taxonomy profle: papillomaviridae. J Gen Virol. 2018;99(8):989-990. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001105
- Savini F, Mancini S, Gallina L, Donati G, Casa G, Peli A, et al. Bovine papillomatosis: first detection of bovine papillomavirus types 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 in Italian cattle herds. Vet J. 2016b;210:82-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.02.003
- Hatama S, Nishida T, Kadota K, Uchida I, Kanno T. Bovine papillomavirus type 9 induces epithelial papillomas on the teat skin of heifers. Vet Microbiol. 2009;136(3-4):347-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.11.003
- Roperto S, Russo V, De Falco F, Taulescu M, Roperto F. Congenital papillomavirus infection in cattle: evidence for transplacental transmission. Vet Microbiol. 2019;230:95-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.019
- Lindsey CL, Almeida ME, Vicari CF, Carvalho C, Yaguiu A, Freitas AC, et al. Bovine papillomavirus DNA in milk, blood, urine, semen, and spermatozoa of bovine papillomavirus-infected animals. Genet Mol Res. 2009;8(1):310-318. https://doi.org/10.4238/vol8-1gmr573