참고문헌
- Shereen MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique R. 2020. COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. J. Adv. Res. 24: 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005
- Zhong NS, Zheng BJ, Li YM, Poon LLM, Xie ZH, Chan KH, et al. 2003. Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People's Republic of China, in February, 2003. Lancet 362: 1372-1358. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14630-2
- Wang N, Shi X, Jiang L, Zhang S, Wang D, Tong P, et al. 2013. Structure of MERS-CoV spike receptor-binding domain complexed with human receptor DPP4. Cell Res. 23: 986-993. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2013.92
- Waris A, Khan AU, Ali M, Ali A, Baset A. 2020. COVID-19 outbreak: current scenario of Pakistan. New Microbes New Infect. 35: 100681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100681
- Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. 2019. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 17: 181-192. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9
- Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. 2020. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 55: 105924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924
- Zhao S, Lin Q, Ran J, Musa SS, Yang G, Wang W, et al. 2020. Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A datadriven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak. Int. J. Inf. Dis. 92: 214-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.050
- Structure of SARS-CoV-2. Available from https://www.google.com/search?q=structure+of+SARS-CoV-2. Accessed June 30, 2020.
- Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric R, Groot RJD, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, et al. 2020. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: The species and its viruses-a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. BioRxiv. doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.07.937862.
- Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. 2020. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus- infected pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med. 382: 1199-1207. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
- Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. 2020. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet 395: 470-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9
- Wang J, Wang Z. 2020. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (Swot) analysis of china's prevention and control strategy for the covid-19 epidemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health 17: 2235. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072235
- Ebrahim SH, Ahmed QA, Gozzer E, Schlagenhauf P, Memish ZA. 2020. Covid-19 and community mitigation strategies in a pandemic. BMJ 368: m1066.
- World Health organization. Coronavirus disease 9COVID-19) Pandemic. Available from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019. Accessed May 27, 2020.
- Tang XC, Zhang JX, Zhang SY, Wang P, Fan XH, Li LF, et al. 2006. Prevalence and genetic diversity of coronaviruses in bats from China. J. Virol. 80: 7481-7490. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00697-06
- Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, Zaki SR, Peret T, Emery S, et al. 2003. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N. Eng. J. Med. 348: 1953-1966. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030781
- Guan Y, Zheng BJ, He YQ, Liu XL, Zhuang ZX, Cheung CL, et al. 2003. Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China. Science 302: 276-278. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1087139
- Guan Y, Field H, Smith GJ, Chen HL. 2005. SARS coronavirus: an animal reservoir. Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Blackwell Pub. 79-83.
- Kan B, Wang M, Jing H, Xu H, Jiang X, Yan M, et al. 2005. Molecular evolution analysis and geographic investigation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in palm civets at an animal market and on farms. J. Virol. 79: 11892-11900. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.18.11892-11900.2005
- Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, Smith C, Epstein JH, et al. 2005. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science 310: 676-679. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1118391
- Eaton BT. 2001. Introduction to current focus on Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microbes Infect. 3: 277-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01380-6
- Giwa AL, Desai A. 2020. Novel coronavirus COVID-19: an overview for emergency clinicians. Pediatr. Emerg. Med. Pract. 22: 1-21.
- Tang XC, Zhang JX, Zhang SY, Wang P, Fan XH, Li LF, et al. 2006. Prevalence and genetic diversity of coronaviruses in bats from China. J. Virol. 80: 7481-7490. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00697-06
- Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, et al. 2020. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N. Eng. J. Med. 382: 929-936. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001191
- Zhou D, Zhang P, Bao C, Zhang Y, Zhu N. 2020. Emerging understanding of etiology and epidemiology of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in Wuhan, China. doi: 10.20944/preprints202002.
- Kraay AN, Hayashi MA, Hernandez-Ceron N, Spicknall IH, Eisenberg MC, Meza R, et al. 2018. Fomite-mediated transmission as a sufficient pathway: a comparative analysis across three viral pathogens. BMC Infect. Dis. 18: 540. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3425-x
- Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. 2020. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet 395: 809-815. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3
- Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. 2020. Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. BioRxiv. 914952.
- Graham RL, Baric RS. 2010. Recombination, reservoirs, and the modular spike: mechanisms of coronavirus cross-species transmission. J. Virol. 84: 3134-3146. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01394-09
- Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, Smith C, Epstein JH, et al. 2005. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science 310: 676-679. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1118391
- Wilson DE, Reeder DM. 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. JHU Press. 1.
- Chu DKW, Poon LLM, Chan KH, Chen H, Guan Y, Yuen KY, et al. 2006. Coronaviruses in bent-winged bats (Miniopterus spp.). J. Gen. Virol. 87: 2461-2466. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82203-0
- Page RD. 1994. Parallel phylogenies: reconstructing the history of host-parasite assemblages. Cladistics 10: 155-173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00170.x
- Cui J, Ha N, Streicker D, Li G, Tang X, Shi Z, et al. 2007. Evolutionary relationships between bat coronaviruses and their hosts. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13: 1526-1532. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1310.070448
- Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. 2020. Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. BioRxiv. 914952.
- Lv L, Li G, Chen J, Liang X, Li Y. 2020. Comparative genomic analysis revealed specific mutation pattern between human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and Bat-SARSr-CoV RaTG13. BioRxiv.
- Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhang Z. 2020. Probable pangolin origin of SARS-CoV-2 associated with the COVID-19 outbreak. Curr. Biol. 30: 1578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.063
- Sabino-Silva R, Jardim ACG, Siqueira WL. 2020. Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis. Clin. Oral Invesig. 24: 1619-1621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03248-x
- Wu Z, McGoogan JM. 2020. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 323: 1239-1242. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648
- Liu W, Li H. 2020. COVID-19 Disease: ORF8 and surface glycoprotein inhibit heme metabolism by binding to porphyrin. Chemrvix. Org. 1-23.
- Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, et al. 2020. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak-an update on the status. Mil. Med. Res. 7: 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
- Lipsitch M, Swerdlow DL, Finelli L. 2020. Defining the epidemiology of Covid-19-studies needed. N. Eng. J. Med. 382: 1194-1196. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2002125
- Wu P, Hao X, Lau EH, Wong JY, Leung KS, Wu JT, et al. 2020. Realtime tentative assessment of the epidemiological characteristics of novel coronavirus infections in Wuhan, China, as at 22 January 2020. Euro Surveill. 25: 2000044.
- Kim H. 2020. Outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19): What is the role of radiologists? Eur. Radiol. 30: 3266-3267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06748-2
- Novel CPERE. 2020. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. CCDC Weekly. 2: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2020.001
- Chang D, Xu H, Rebaza A, Sharma L, Cruz CSD. 2020. Protecting health-care workers from subclinical coronavirus infection. Lancet Respir. Med. 8: e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30066-7
- Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. 2020. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 395: 507-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
- Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. 2020. Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. N. Engl. J. Med. 382: 1708-1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
- Liu J, Liu Y, Xiang P, Pu L, Xiong H, Li C, et al. 2020. Neutrophil-tolymphocyte ratio predicts severe illness patients with 2019 novel coronavirus in the early stage. J. Transl. Med. 18: 206. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02374-0
- Jiang F, Deng L, Zhang L, Cai Y, Cheung CW, Xia Z. 2020. Review of the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J. Gen. Intern. Med. 45: 1545-1549.
- Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. 2020. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 55: 105924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924
- Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, Molenkamp R, Meijer A, Chu DK, et al. 2020. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill. 25: 2000045.
- Wang W, Tang J, Wei F. 2020. Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China. J. Med. Virol. 92: 441-447. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25689
- Peiris JSM, Guan Y, Yuen KY. 2004. Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Nat. Med. 10: S88-S97. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1143
- De Wit E, Van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ. 2016. SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 14: 523-534. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81
- Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, et al. 2003. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature 426: 450-454. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02145
- Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. 2020. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J. Pharma. Anal. 10: 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.001
- Belouzard S, Chu VC, Whittaker GR. 2009. Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 5871-5876. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809524106
- Millet JK, Whittaker GR. 2014. Host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus after two-step, furin-mediated activation of the spike protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111: 15214-15219. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407087111
- Wang H, Yang P, Liu K, Guo F, Zhang Y, Zhang G, et al. 2008. SARS coronavirus entry into host cells through a novel clathrinand caveolae-independent endocytic pathway. Cell Res. 18: 290-301. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2008.15
- Barth H, Liang TJ, Blum HE, Baumert TF. 2004. Novel vaccine strategies. Symposium. 30: 214-228.
- Zheng B, Du L, Zhao G, Lin Y, Sui H, Chan CS, et al. 2010. SARSCoV S protein induces strong mucosal immune responses and provides long-term protection against SARS-CoV infection. Cell Bio. Int. 1: 25-28.
- Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. 2020. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395: 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
- Liu J, Li S, Liu J, Liang B, Wang X, Wang H, et al. 2020. Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. EBioMedicine 55: 102763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102763
- Meduri GU, Kohler G, Headley S, Tolley E, Stentz F, Tolley E, et al. 1995. Inflammatory cytokines in the BAL of patients with ARDS: persistent elevation over time predicts poor outcome. Chest 108: 1303-1314. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.108.5.1303
- Goodman RB, Strieter RM, Martin DP, Steinberg KP, Milberg JA, Maunder RJ, et al. 1996. Inflammatory cytokines in patients with persistence of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 154: 602-611. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.154.3.8810593
- Zenewicz LA. 2018. IL-22: there is a gap in our knowledge. ImmunoHorizons 2: 198-207. https://doi.org/10.4049/immunohorizons.1800006
- Wu D, Yang XO. 2020. TH17 responses in cytokine storm of COVID-19: An emerging target of JAK2 inhibitor Fedratinib. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 53: 368-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.005
- Li F. 2015. Receptor recognition mechanisms of coronaviruses: a decade of structural studies. J. Virol. 89: 1954-1964. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02615-14
- Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. 2020. Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell 181: 281-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058
- Hoffmann M, Kleine Weber H, Kruger N, Mueller MA, Drosten C, Pohlmann S. 2020. The novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) uses the SARS-coronavirus receptor ACE2 and the cellular protease TMPRSS2 for entry into target cells. BioRxiv. 1-5.
- Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, et al. 2020. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science 367: 1260-1263. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb2507
- Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, Han P, Hao J, Han Z. 2020. Single-cell RNAseq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Front. Med. 14: 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-020-0754-0
- Fang Y, Zhang H, Xie J, Lin M, Ying L, Pang P, Ji W. 2020. Sensitivity of chest CT for COVID-19: comparison to RT-PCR. Radiology 296: E115-E117. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200432
- Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, Gui S, Liang B, Li L, et al. 2020. Time course of lung changes on chest CT during recovery from 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia. Radiology 295: 200370.
- Wang Y, Kang H, Liu X, Tong Z. 2020. Combination of RT-qPCR testing and clinical features for diagnosis of COVID-19 facilitates management of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. J. Med. Virol. 92: 538-539. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25721
- Chu DK, Pan Y, Cheng SM, Hui KP, Krishnan P, Liu Y, et al. 2020. Molecular diagnosis of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) causing an outbreak of pneumonia. Clin. Chem. 66: 549-555. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvaa029
- Pan Y, Guan H, Zhou S, Wang Y, Li Q, Zhu T, et al. 2020. Initial CT findings and temporal changes in patients with the novel coronavirus pneumonia (2019-nCoV): a study of 63 patients in Wuhan, China. Eur. Radiol. 30: 3306-3309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06731-x
- Shi H, Han X, Zheng C. 2020. Evolution of CT manifestations in a patient recovered from 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Radiology 295: 20. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200269
- Chung M, Bernheim A, Mei X, Zhang N, Huang M, Zeng X, et al. 2020. CT imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Radiology 295: 202-207. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200230
- Zhao R, Li M, Song H, Chen J, Ren W, Feng Y. 2020. Serological diagnostic kit of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using CHO-expressed full-length SARS-CoV-2 S1 proteins. medRxiv. 1-11.
- Waris A, Ali M, Khan AU, Ali A, Baset A. 2020. Role of nanotechnology in diagnosing and treating COVID-19 during the Pandemic. Intl' J. Clin. Virol. 4: 65-70. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.ijcv.1001017
- Pan Y, Li X, Yang G, Fan J, Tang Y, Zhao J, et al. 2020. Serological immunochromatographic approach in diagnosis with SARSCoV- 2 infected COVID-19 patients. J. Inf. 81: 28-32.
- Tang Y-W, Schmitz JE, Persing DH, Stratton CW. 2020. Laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19: current issues and challenges. J. Clin. Microbiol. 58: 512-520.
- Yong SEF, Anderson DE, Wei WE, Pang J, Chia WN, Chia WN, et al. 2020. Connecting clusters of COVID-19: an epidemiological and serological investigation. Lancet Inf. Dis. 20: 809-815. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30273-5
- Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, et al. 2020. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak-an update on the status. Mil. Med. Res. 7: 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
- Bhatraju PK, Ghassemieh BJ, Nichols M, Kim R, Jerome KR, Nalla AK, et al. 2020. Covid-19 in critically ill patients in the Seattle region-case series. N. Eng. J. Med. 382: 2012-2022. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2004500
- Devaux CA, Rolain JM, Colson P, Raoult D. 2020. New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 55: 105938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938
- Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. 2020. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 30: 269-271. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0
- Boriskin YS, Leneva IA, Pecheur EI, Polyak SJ, Arbidol. 2008. A broad-spectrum antiviral compound that blocks viral fusion. Curr. Med. Chem.15: 997-1005. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986708784049658
- Wu R, Wang L, Kuo HC, Shannar A, Peter R, Chou PJ, et al. 2020. An update on current therapeutic drugs treating COVID-19. Curr. Pharm. Rep. 11: 1.
- Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Leist SR, Schafer A, Won J, Brown AJ, et al. 2020. Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERSCoV. Nat. Com. 11: 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-011-9283-8
- Wang Y, Zhang D, Du G, Du R, Zhao J, Jin Y, et al. 2020. Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet 395: 1569-1578. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31022-9
- Tao YY, Tang LV, Hu Y. 2020. Treatments in the COVID-19 pandemic: an update on clinical trials. Expert Opin. Emerg. Drug. 25: 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728214.2020.1773431
- Owens B. 2020. Excitement around hydroxychloroquine for treating COVID-19 causes challenges for rheumatology. The Lancet Rheum. 2: e257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30089-8
- Singh AK, Singh A, Shaikh A, Singh R, Misra A. 2020. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes: A systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clin. Res. Rev. 14: 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.011
- Jha AK, Kumar R, Goenka MK, Dayal VM. 2020. Emerging treatment and prevention strategies against COVID-19: a brief update. J. Dig. Endos. 11: 69-72. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1712547
- Gao J, Tian Z, Yang X. 2020. Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. Biosci. Tren. 14: 72-73. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01047
- Szekely Y, Lichter Y, Shrkihe BA, Bruck H, Oster HS, Viskin S. 2020. Chloroquine-induced torsade de pointes in a COVID-19 patient. Heart Rhythm. 17: 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.11.008
- Wu Z, McGoogan JM. 2020. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 323: 1239-1242. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648
- Wu J, Liu J, Zhao X, Liu C, Wang W, Wang D, et al. 2020. Clinical characteristics of imported cases of COVID-19 in Jiangsu province: a multicenter descriptive study. Clin. Inf. Dis. 71: 706-712. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa199
- Luo H, Tang QL, Shang YX, Liang SB, Yang M, Robinson N, et al. 2020. Can Chinese medicine be used for prevention of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? A review of historical classics, research evidence and current prevention programs. Chin. J. Integr. Med. 26: 243-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-020-3192-6
- Pang J, Wang MX, Ang IY, Tan SH, Lewis RF, Chen JIP, et al. 2020. Potential rapid diagnostics, vaccine and therapeutics for 2019 novel Coronavirus (2019-ncoV): a systematic review. J. Clin. Med. 9: 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
- Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. 2015. The Ebola epidemic crystallizes the potential of passive antibody therapy for infectious diseases. PLoS Pathog. 11: e1004717. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004717
- Milken Institute, 2020. COVID-19 treatment and vaccine Tracker. Available from https://covid-19tracker.milkeninstitute.org/. Accessed July 4, 2020.
- AstraZeneca. COVID-19 information hub. Available from https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/articles/2020/astrazenecato-supply-europe-with-up-to-400-million-doses-of-oxford-universitys-potential-covid-19-vaccine.html . Accessed July 4, 2020.
- Academic and Scientific Cooperation Project of Turkey (TABIP). 2020. Coronavirus (Covid-19) Vaccine Latest Update. Available from https://covid19.tabipacademy.com/2020/07/02/coronavirus-covid-19-vaccine-status-check-oxford-vaccine-most-advancedsays-who-sanofi-accelerates-trials. Accessed July 4, 2020.
- Moderna. Moderna Advances Late-Stage Development of its Vaccine (mRNA-1273) Against COVID-19. Available from https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/moderna-advances-late-stage-development-its-vaccine-mrna-1273. Accessed July 4, 2020.
- Mullard A. 2020. COVID-19 vaccine development pipeline gears up. Lancet 395: 1751-1752. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31252-6
- Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. 2020. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. International journal of antimicrobial agents. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 55: 105924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924
- Lai MM. 1996. Recombination in large RNA viruses: coronaviruses. Virol. 7: 381-388.
- Lai CC, Liu YH, Wang CY, Wang YH, Hsueh SC, Yen MY, et al. 2020. Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2): Facts and myths. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 53: 404-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.012