한국환경생태학회지 (Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology)

  • 제34권1호
  • /
  • Pages.18-26
  • /
  • 2020
  • /
  • 1229-3857(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2288-131X(eISSN)
한국환경생태학회 (Korean Society of Environment and Ecology)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

한반도 특산식물 개느삼의 개체군 특성

Population Characteristics of Echinosophora koreensis (Nakai) Nakai, a Endemic Plants in Korea

  • 김소담 (국립수목원 식물자원연구과) ;
  • 문애라 (국립수목원 식물자원연구과) ;
  • 안종빈 (국립수목원 DMZ자생식물연구과) ;
  • 정지영 (국립수목원 DMZ자생식물연구과) ;
  • 박완근 (강원대학교 산림과학부 산림자원학전공) ;
  • 손성원 (국립수목원 식물자원연구과)
  • Kim, Sodam (Division of Plant Resources, Korea National Arboretum) ;
  • Moon, Ae-Ra (Division of Plant Resources, Korea National Arboretum) ;
  • An, Jong-Bin (DMZ Botanic Garden, Korea National Arboretum) ;
  • Jung, Ji-Young (DMZ Botanic Garden, Korea National Arboretum) ;
  • Park, Wan-Geun (Division of Forest Science, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Son, Sungwon (Division of Plant Resources, Korea National Arboretum)
  • 투고 : 2019.06.13
  • 심사 : 2020.01.09
  • 발행 : 2020.02.28
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

개느삼은 한반도의 일부 지역에 제한적으로 분포하는 특산식물이며, IUCN Red List의 'Endangered'로 지정된 희귀식물이다. 본 연구는 자생지의 환경변화로 쇠퇴 위협이 있는 개느삼의 분포 패턴과 개체군 구조를 조사 분석하여 향후 개느삼 개체군의 동태 및 지속성 파악을 위한 기초 자료 활용에 목적이 있다. 개느삼 개체군의 특성을 파악하기 위해 양구, 춘천, 홍천 3개 지역에 각각 2~3개의 대방형구(20m×30m)를 능선을 기준으로 설정하고, 대방형구 안에 4~7개 Transect상의 소방형구(1m×1m)를 2m 간격으로 각각 10개씩 총 530개를 설정하여 출현 개체 수 및 결실 개체 수, 개체 높이 등을 측정하였다. 확보된 종발생정보를 IUCN Red List ver 3.1의 평가기준 B를 적용하여 기존 IUCN에 평가된 범주와 비교분석하였다. 조사된 세 개 지역의 평균 개체 밀도는 3.47본/㎡로 나타났으며, 지역별로 양구 3.95본/㎡, 춘천 3.37본/㎡, 홍천 2.87본/㎡이었다. 한편, 개체군의 결실률(결실 수/개체 수)은 0.0038으로 전체 출현 개체 1,837본 중에 7본만이 결실된 것으로 나타나 생식생장(sexual reproductive) 보다는 영양생장(vegetative reproduction) 비율이 매우 높을 것으로 추정된다. 조사된 세 지역의 소방형구 개체 밀도의 분포 경향을 분석한 결과, 개느삼은 수관 열림이 높은 산지 능선을 중심으로 수관 열림이 낮은 숲 중심부로 갈수록 개체 밀도가 감소하는 경향을 보여줌으로써, 광량이 개느삼 개체의 생육에 매우 중요한 요소일 것으로 추정된다. 한편, 방형구내 출현하는 전체 개체의 높이를 분석한 결과 2.3~68.5cm로 나타났으며, 평균 20.1cm로 조사되었다. 개체 높이를 바탕으로 개느삼 개체군의 stage-structure를 분석한 결과 15~20cm를 기점으로 개체 높이가 높아질수록 점차 출현빈도가 감소하는 경향을 보여주었으며, seedling으로 추정되는 10cm 이하의 개체들의 비율도 매우 낮게 나타남으로써 향후 모니터링 자료를 바탕으로 개체군의 지속성에 대한 분석이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 한편, 확보한 종발생정보를 바탕으로 산출된 점유면적은 200㎢로 나타나 IUCN Red List 기준(criteria) B 적용 시 EN 범주를 충족하는 것으로 나타났다.

Echinosophora koreensis (Nakai) Nakai an endemic plant with limited distribution in some parts of the Korean Peninsula, is designated as "Endangered" species on the IUCN Red List. The species is under the threat of deterioration in nature due to various environmental changes causing loss of natural habitats. We investigated the distribution pattern and population structure of E. koreensis to serve as a basic reference for identifying the dynamics and persistence of natural populations of this species in the future. To determine the characteristics of the E. koreensis population, we laid two to three large plots sized 20m×30m on the ridgeline as the reference in Yanggu, Chuncheon, and Hongcheon and laid four to seven small quadrats sized 1m×1m on the transect. A total of 530 plots were laid, 10 each at 2m interval, to measure the number of the stems, the number of fruiting, height, and other factors. The collected distribution information was compared with the existing IUCN assessed categories by applying IUCN Red List ver 3.1 Criteria B. The average population density of the three surveyed areas was 3.47 stem/㎡; the density of each area was 3.95 stems/㎡ in Yanggu, 3.37 stems/㎡ in Chuncheon, and 2.87 stems/㎡ in Hongcheon. The number of fruiting per stem was 0.0038, indicating only 7 fruits out of 1,837 stems and that vegetative reproduction is likely to be more dominant than sexual reproduction. The distribution tendency of population density in the small plots in three surveyed areas showed that the density of E. koreensis tended to decrease toward the center of the forest with low crown openness and around the mountain ridge with high crown openness. It indicated that the quantity of light could be a very important factor for the growth of individuals of this species. The analysis of the heights of individuals present in the surveyed plots showed a range of 2.3 ~ 68.5cm and an average of 20.1cm. An analysis on the stage-structure of the E. koreensis population based on the sieve height found that the appearance frequency decreased with increasing height above 15 ~ 20cm and that the percentage of individuals lower than 10cm, which were presumed to be seedlings, was severely low, indicating a necessity of study on the population sustainability based on the monitored data. The occupied area calculated with the collected species distribution information was 200㎢, indicating the EN category according to the IUCN Red List Reference B.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Ahn, Y.H.(2003) Distribution of Native Hibiscus hamabo and Ecological Characteristics of Naturally Inhabited Areas in Jeju Island. Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology 21(4): 440-446. (in Korean with English abstract)
  2. Albrecht, M.A., E.O. Guerrant Jr., K. Kennedy and J. Maschinski (2011) A long-term view of rare plant reintroduction. Biological Conservation 144: 2557-2558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.07.021
  3. An, J.B., H.T. Shin, J.W. Yoon, S.J. Kim, T.I. Heo and Y.H. Kwon(2014) Vascular plants of are and endemic plants Echinosophora koreensis Nakai Habitats Area(Wolmyeong-ri, Yanggu-gun). The 8th International Symposium and proceedings of the 2014 Autumn of the Korean Journal of Plant Resources, Jecheon, 63pp. (in Korean)
  4. Anderson, S.(1994) Area and endemism. The Quarterly Review of Biology 69: 451-471. https://doi.org/10.1086/418743
  5. Brigham, C.A and M.W. Schwartz(2003). Population viability in plants: Conservation, management, and modeling of rare plants. Springer, Berlin, 362pp.
  6. Byun, J.H., J.S. Kim, S.S. Kang, K.H. Son, H.W. Chang, H.P. Kim and K.H. Bae(2004) Triterpenoid Saponins from the Roots of Sophora koreensis. Chem. Pharm. Bull 52(7): 870-873. (in English) https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.52.870
  7. Chae, H.H., H.W. Ji, J.H. Min and Y.C. Kim(2017) Report on the monitoring of special protection zone in Odaesan National Park - Iris odaesanensis Y. N. Lee, Paeonia obovata Maxim-. Journal of National Park Research 8(1): 8-23. (in Korean with English abstract)
  8. Cheon, K.S., S.K. Jang, W.T. Lee and K.O. Yoo(2009). The natural habitat and distribution of Echinosophora koreensis(Nakai) Nakai in Korea. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 39(4): 254-263. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2009.39.4.254
  9. Choe, M.S.(2000) Echinosophora koreensis Nakai. Landscaping Tree 56(5): 17-18. (in Korean)
  10. Choi, E.J., H.C. Kwon, Y.C. Sohn, C.W. Nam, H.B. Park, C.Y. Kim and H.O. Yang(2009) Four flavonoids from Echinosophora koreensis and their effects on alcohol metabolizing enzymes. Arch Pharm. Res. 32(6): 851-855. (in English) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-009-1606-2
  11. Chung, G.Y., K.S. Chang, J.M. Chung, H.J. Choi, W.K. Paik and J.O. Hyun(2017) A checklist of endemic plants on the Korean Peninsula. Korean Journal of Plant Taxon 47(3): 264-288. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2017.47.3.264
  12. Chung, Y.J. and S.T. Lee(1990) A palynotaxonomic study of the Sophora group (Sophoreae, Papilionoideae, Leguminosae). Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 20(4): 257-282. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.1990.20.4.257
  13. Elzinga, C.L., D.W. Salzer and D.W. Willoughby(1998) Measuring and Monitoring Plant Populations. Bureau of Land Management, Denver, 496pp.
  14. Falk D.A., C.I. Millar and M. Olwell(1996) Restoring Diversity: Strategies for Reintroduction of Endangered Plants. Island Press, Washington, DC., 528pp.
  15. Ikuse, M.(1954) Pollen grains of Leguminosae obtained in Japan, especially of their unusual forms. J. Jap. Bot. 29: 1-10.
  16. Ikuse, M.(1956) Pollen Grains of Japan. Hirokawa Publishing Co., Tokyo, pp. 91-96.
  17. Jang, N.K.(1986) Illustrated of Flora & Fauna of Korea: Pollens. Ministry of Education, Seoul, 899pp. (in Korean)
  18. Joo, I.Y., S.C. Choi, C.G. Gang, H.S. Park, Y.G. Ri, M.H. Shin, M.S. Cho and S.J. Chang(2016) Rare Plants of DPR Korea. Gwahakbaekgwasajeonchulpansa, Pyongyang, 159pp. (in Korean)
  19. Kim, C.M. and K.B. Lee(1990) A study on chemical constituents and biological activity of Echinosophora koreensis Nakai. Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy 21(2): 137-141. (in Korean with English abstract)
  20. Kim, C.M. and S.S. Kang(1986) Studies on the constituents of the stems of Echinosophora koreensis. Yakhak Hoeji 30(3): 139-142. (in Korean with English abstract)
  21. Kim, J.S., J.H. Byun, S.S. Kang, K.H. Son, H.P. Kim and H.W. Chang(2002) Isolation of flavonoids and a Saponin from Echinosophora koreensis. Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy 33(2): 137-141. (in Korean with English abstract)
  22. Kim, K.O., S.H. Hong, Y.H. Lee, C.S. Na, B.H. Kang and Y.W. Son(2009) Taxonomic status of endemic plants in Korea. Journal of Ecology and Field Biology 32(4): 277-293. (in English)
  23. Kim, M.Y.(2004) Korean Endemic Plants. Solgwahak, Seoul, 408pp. (in Korean)
  24. Kim, S.D., J.B. An, J.Y. Jung, A.R. Moon, O.G. Son, G.U. Seo, C.H. Lee and S.W. Son(2018) Population characteristics of Echinosophora koreensis (Nakai) Nakai, a endemic plants in Korea and IUCN red list. Proceedings of the 2018 Summer Meeting of the Korean Society of Forest Science, Seoul, pp. 82-83. (in Korean with English abstract)
  25. Kim, S.J., H.T. Shin, J.B. An, J.W. Yoon, J.W. Lee, S.Y. Jung and T.I. Heo(2017) Flora of Mt. Samyeong (Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do) in DMZ area of Korea. Korean Journal of Plant Resources 30(2): 191-212. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.7732/kjpr.2017.30.2.191
  26. Kim, Y.S., H. Kim and S.W. Son(2016) Sophora koreensis, Korean Necklace-pod. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13188557A13189529. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13188557A13189529.en (in English)
  27. Koenig, W.D. and J.M.H. Knops(1998) Scale of mast-seeding and tree-ring growth. Nature 396: 225-226. https://doi.org/10.1038/24293
  28. Lee, C.B.(2014) Coloured Flora of Korea. Hyangmunsa, Seoul, 1,828pp. (in Korean)
  29. Lee, K.E.(1992) Studies on ecophysiological characteristics of Echinosophora koreensis. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 33(5): 401-412. (in Korean with English summary)
  30. Lee, S.G., G.J. Lee, H.Y. Kim and J.J. Ku(2014) Characteristics of seed germination and potted seedlings growth of endemic species, Sambucus sieboldiana var. pendula and Sambucus sieboldiana for. Xanthocarpa. Journal of Korean Forest Society. 103(3): 359-367. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.14578/JKFS.2014.103.3.359
  31. Lee, Y.N.(2010) New Flora of Korea. Kyuhaksa, Seoul, 1,864pp. (in Korean)
  32. Maschinski, J. and K.E. Haskins(2012) Plant Reintroduction in a Changing Climate: Promises and Perils. Island Press, Washington, DC., 432pp.
  33. Murakoshi, I., E. Kidoguchi, M. Kubota, S. Haginiwa and H. Otomasu(1982) Lupin alkaloids from Echinosophora koreensis. Phytochemistry 21: 2385-2388. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)85211-4
  34. Murakoshi, I., K. Fukuchi, J. Haginiwa, S. Ohmiya and H. Otomasu(1977) N-(3-Oxobutyl) cytisine: A new lupin alkaloid from Echinosophora koreensis. Phytochemistry 16:1460-1461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88814-7
  35. Murakoshi, I., M. Watanabe, J. Haginiwa, S. Ohmiya and H. Otomasu(1982) {-}-N-Ethylcytisine, a lupin alkaloid from the flowers of Echinosophora koreensis. Phytochemistry 21:1470-1471. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)80178-7
  36. Murakoshi, I., M. Watanabe, T. Okuda, E. Kidoguchi, J. Haginiwa, S. Ohmiya and H. Otomasu(1985) Lupin alkaloids from flowers of Echinosophora koreensis. Phytochemistry 24:2707-2708. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80699-8
  37. Nakai, T.(1919) Notulae ad plants Japonicae et Coreae X I X (No.385). Bot. Mag. Tokyo 33: 8-9.
  38. Nakai, T.(1920) Naturae ad plants Japonicae et Coreae X X II (No.501). Bot. Mag. Tokyo 34: 44.
  39. Nakai, T.(1923) Genera nova Rhamnacearum et Leguminosarum ex Asia Orientali. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 37: 29-34. https://doi.org/10.15281/jplantres1887.37.433_29
  40. National Institute of Environmental(2005) The Conservation Strategy for the Endangered and Reserved Plants based on the Ecological and Genetic Characteristics (V). Incheon, 102pp. (in Korean)
  41. Nelson, J.R.(1985) Rare plant surveys: Techniques for impact assessment. Natural Areas Journal 5(3): 18-30.
  42. Oh, B.U., D.G. Jo, K.S. Kim and C.G. Jang(2005) Endemic Vascular Plants in Korean Peninsula (1st step result). Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, 205 pp. (in Korean)
  43. Oh, B.U., J.W. Han, S.K. Yang, E.S. Jang, C.G. Jang, Y.Y. Kim, S.J. Ji and S.H. Kang(2009) Flora and vegetation in a habitat of Echinosophora koreensis (Nakai) Nakai (Leguminosae), a Korean endemic plant in Yanggu-gun (Kangwon), Korea: Focused on Jukgok-ri and Hwanggang-ri. The Korea Society For Environmental Restoration And Revegetation Technology 12(2): 19-28. (in Korean with English abstract)
  44. Paik, W.K.(1999) The status of endemic plants in Korea and our tasks in the 21st century. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy. 29(3): 263-274. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.1999.29.3.263
  45. Park, Y.M., M.J. Kim and S.I. Hwang(2011) The ecological characteristics of a Korean endemic plant, Vicia chosenensis habitat. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 25(4): 490-497. (in Korean with English abstract)
  46. Pi, J.H., J.G. Park, J.Y. Jung, J.S. Park, H.H. Yang, G.U. Suh, C.H. Lee and S.W. Son(2016) Vegetation structure and flora of Iris koreana Nakai, endemic species in Korea. Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 50(6): 55-67. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.14397/jals.2016.50.6.55
  47. Roh, I. and H.S. Moon(2004) Analysis of site characteristics and vegetation structure of Corylopsis coreana communities. J. Agric. Life Sci. 38(2): 41-51.
  48. Ryu, M.I. and J.H. Lee(2002) Population Ecology. SNUPRESS, Seoul, 298pp. (in Korean)
  49. Shim, K.K., Y.M. Ha, C.J. Son, D.S. Han and S.A Lee(2006) A study on development of materials for native landscape tree: Native area survey and characteristic of Korean endemic plant, Echinosophora koreensis Nakai. Journal of Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture 24(1): 32-42. (in Korean with English abstract)
  50. Siljak-Yakovlev, S. and L. Peruzzi(2012) Cytogenetic characterization of endemics: Past and future. Plant Biosystems 146(3): 694-702.
  51. Son, K.N.(2005) Red Data Book of DPR Korea (Plant). MAB National Committee of DPR Korea, Pyongyang, 177pp.
  52. Son, S.W., J.M. Chung, J.K. Shin, B.C. Lee, K.W. Park and S.J. Park(2012) Distribution, vegetation characteristics and assessment of the conservation status of a rare and endemic plant, Coreanomecon hylomeconoides Nakai. Korean Journal of Plant Taxon 42(2): 116-125. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2012.42.2.116
  53. Tienes. M., K. Skogen, P.Vitt and K. Havens(2010). Optimal Monitoring of Rare Plants Populations. USDA, Forest Service, 57pp.
  54. Williams, P.H., D. Lees, M. Arahjo, C.J. Humphries, R.I. Vane-Wright and I.J. Kitching(2002) Biodiversity and worldmap. Retrieved Aug. 7, 2018, available from http://www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/biodiversity/index.html. Natural History Museum.
  55. Yoo, D.L., C.W. Nam, K.D. Kim and K.O. Yoo(2005) Ecophysiological characteristics of natural habitat of Echinosophora koreensis. Kor. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 23(Suppl. I): 141pp. (in Korean)