Informatization Policy (정보화정책)

National Information Society Agency (한국지능정보사회진흥원)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on Ex-post Regulation of Zero-rating Service - Comparative Legal Study on Relevant Laws and NRA's Decisions Between Domestic and Overseas Countries -

제로레이팅 사후규제 방안에 대한 연구 - 국내 및 해외 주요국 법령 및 심결의 비교법적 고찰 -

  • Received : 2018.09.29
  • Accepted : 2018.12.18
  • Published : 2019.03.29
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze the domestic and overseas laws and regulators' decisions related to zero-rating (ZR) practices through a comparative approach and to support development of the ex-post regulation. Although most countries are adopting ex-post regulatory approaches toward the globally increasing ZR practices, there is no uniform standards or an approach to consider when deciding whether to allow mobile ISPs' zero-rating practices in the market. However, in recent years, some countries have been improving their policy transparency with respect to ZR through enacting and amending relevant laws as well as making trial decisions. The comparative analysis shows that each country investigates restriction of the user choice and ISPs' adherence to the obligation of non-discrimination in order to judge whether the user benefits are damaged by the ZR practices. It also investigates ISP-CP's market positioning and ISP's vertical integration for profit squeeze to find out whether they harm fair competition with ZR practices in the mobile ecosystem. Based on the results of the comparative analysis, we suggest the desirable ZR regulatory directions under the domestic legislative status.

본 연구는 국내 제로레이팅 행위의 사후규제 정책 마련을 지원하기 위해 제로레이팅 규제 관련한 국내 외 법령 및 심결을 비교법적 접근법으로 분석하였다. 전 세계적으로 확산되고 있는 제로레이팅 행위에 대하여 대부분의 국가는 사후규제 접근법을 채택하고 있지만, 모바일 ISP의 제로레이팅 행위를 시장 내 허용할지 여부에 대한 판단 과정에서 고려해야 하는 통일된 기준이 없는 상황이다. 그러나 최근 몇 년 사이 각국은 관련 법령 제 개정, 심결 양산을 통해 제로레이팅에 대한 정책 투명성을 높여가고 있다. 비교분석 결과 각국 규제기관은 모바일 생태계 내 제로레이팅 행위로 인한 이용자이익 저해 여부를 판단하고자 이용자 선택권 제한 및 ISP의 비차별 의무 준수 여부를, 공정경쟁 훼손 여부를 판단하고자 ISP-CP의 시장지위, ISP의 수직적 결합을 이용한 이윤압착 행위 여부를 조사하여 판단하고 있었다. 본 연구는 비교분석 결과를 바탕으로 국내 입법 현황 하에서 바람직한 제로레이팅 행위 규제 방향에 대한 제언을 하고 있다.

Keywords

JBSHBC_2019_v26n1_83_f0001.png 이미지

<그림 1> ISP의 제로레이팅 이용 타 계층 진출을 통한 신규사업모델 창출 개념도 ISP’s expanding other layers and creating new business model through Zero-rating

<표 2> 제로레이팅 사후규제 고려 사항별 우리나라와 해외 주요국의 법령과 심결 비교

Comparison of the cases by considering factors for ex-post regulation of zero-rating between domestic and overseas countries

JBSHBC_2019_v26n1_83_t0002.png 이미지

<표 1> 국내·외 규제기관이 제시하는 제로레이팅 규제 주요 내용 비교

Comparison of zero-rating regulation between domestic and overseas’ NRAs

JBSHBC_2019_v26n1_83_t0003.png 이미지

References

  1. ACM (2017). Ons kenmerk: ACM/DTVP/2017/205487_OV, Zaaknummer: 17.0475.53, Sep 26 2017.
  2. Ahn, C. (2018). "It is predicted that zero-rating debate faces rough going in win-win council on the Internet industry." Newstomato , March 6.
  3. Ard, B. (2016). "Beyond Neutrality: How Zero Rating Can (Sometimes) Advance User Choice, Innovation, and Democratic Participation." L. Rev, 984.
  4. Belli, L. (2016). Net Neutrality reloaded : Zero Rating, specialised service, ad blocking and traffic management. Annaul report of the UN IGF Dynamic Coalition on Net Neutrality/Edited by Luca Belli ; preface by Tim Wu. Rio de Janeiro : FGV Direito Rio, 2016. 227p.
  5. BEREC (2016). BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation by National Regulators of European Net Neutrality Rules. (BoR (16) 94). BEREC.
  6. BEREC (2017). Report on the implementation of Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 and BEREC Net Neutrality Guidelines . (BoR (17) 240). BEREC.
  7. Berglind, O. (2016). "The Effect of Zero-Rating on Mobile Broadband Demand: An Empirical Approach and Potential Implications." International Journal of Communication, 10, 2442-2459.
  8. BIPT (2017). Verslag Betreffende de Analyse Van de ZERO RATING Van Apps in de Aandiedingen Van PROXIMUS. Belgium.
  9. Brake, D. (2016). "7. Mobile Zero Rating: The Economics and Innovation Behind Free Data." Luca Belli(ed.) Net Neutrality Reloaded: Zero Rating, Specialised Service, Ad Blocking and Traffic Management, 132-154, Rio de Janeiro Brasil: FGV.
  10. Brodkin, J. (2015). "T-Mobile's data CP exemption for video gets FCC chairman's approval-Wheeler: T-Mobile zero-rating is "pro-competition" and "pro-innovation." Ars Technica, November 20.
  11. Carrillo, A. J. (2016). "Having Your Cake and Eating it Too? Zero-Rating, Net Neutrality and International Law". Stanford Technology Law Review, Forthcoming.
  12. Case, C. (1978). 27/76, United Brands Company and United Brands Continental BV v. Commission, [1978] ECR, 207.
  13. Cho, D. & Song, I. (2017), "A Study on the Strategy of Platform Operator for Free Mobile Data : from the Perspectives of Business Opportunity and Risk." Journal of Internet Computing and Services (JICS), 18(5), 123-131. https://doi.org/10.7472/JKSII.2017.18.5.123
  14. Cho, D. & Song, I. (2017), "A Study on the Validity of Net Neutrality Regulation in Respect of Zero-Rating." Journal of Internet Computing and Services (JICS), 18(5), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.7472/JKSII.2017.18.5.133
  15. Choi, J. (1995). "Comparative Methodology in the Studies of Law." Journal of Cross-Cultural Studies, (2), 143-166.
  16. Chung. H. (2016). Competition and Consumer Law, Seoul, Pak Young Sa.
  17. CRTC (2017). "Framework for assessing the differential pricing practices of Internet service providers", Telecom Regulatory Policy CRTC 2017-104, https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2017/2017-104.pdf. (Retrieved on June 10.).
  18. Detailed Criteria on unjust behaviors of imposing unreasonable and discriminatory condition and restriction between operators(KCC Ordinance 2017-4) Enforcement Date August 16. 2017.
  19. Eisenach, J. A. (2015). "The Economics of Zero Rating", NERA consulting, USA.
  20. EU. (2015). Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 laying down measures concerning open internet access and amending Directive 2002/22/EC on universal service and users' rights relating to electronic communications networks and services and Regulation (EU) No 531/2012 on roaming on public mobile communications networks within the Union. European Union: Official Journal of the European Union.
  21. European Commission. (2017). Zero-rating practices in broadband markets. Brussels: Directorate-General for Competition(European Commission).
  22. European Commission Fact Sheet. (2015). "Roaming charges and open Internet: questions and answers." October. 21. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-15-5275_en.htm. (Retrieved on June 30, 2018).
  23. FCC. (2017a). Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Report: Policy Review of Mobile Broadband Operators'Sponsored Data Offerings for Zero-Rated Content and Services. https://www.fcc.gov/document/release-report-policy-reviewmobile-zero-rating-practices (Retrieved on Jan 11, 2017).
  24. FCC. (2017b). Chairman Pai Statement on free data programs. https://www.fcc.gov/document/statement-chairman-pai-free-data-programs (Retrieved on Feb 3, 2017).
  25. FCC. (2018). Restoring Internet Freedom, 47 CFR Parts 1, 8, and 20 [WC Docket No. 17-108; FCC 17-166], Federal Register /Vol. 83, No. 36. February 22, 2018.
  26. Gerpott, T. (2018). "Zero-rating arrangements of mobile Internet access service providers - An analysis of main factors shaping the need for regulatory interventions.", Telecommunications Policy, 42(6), 489-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2018.03.003
  27. Jaunaux, L. & Lebourges, M. (2018). "Zero Rating and End Users' Freedom of Choice: An Economic Analysis." http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3089833 (Retrieved on June 21).
  28. Kim, H. (2010), "Characteristics of the Telecommunication Market and Ex Post Regulation of Anticompetitive Conducts in the Telecommunications Business Act." Journal of Law & Economic Regulation 3(2), 55-71.
  29. Kim, S. (2009), "A Comparative Legal Study on ADR - Focusing on Major Asian Countries." Journal of arbitration studies 19(3), 67-91. https://doi.org/10.16998/JAS.2009.19.3.67
  30. Kim, Y. (2012), "Common Carrier's Non-discriminatory Obligation and the Regulation Changes under the US Communications Act." Journal of Law & Economic Regulation 5(2), 37-61.
  31. Ko, H. (2012), "A Study on the Right of Withdrawal in the EU Consumer Rights Directive." Hanyang Law Review, 29(4), 263-300.
  32. Korea Communications Commission (2018). "Win-Win council on the Internet industry, Submitted policy recommendation report to KCC", Press Release, December 26.
  33. Korea Communications Commission. (2017). "Prohibiting unfair behaviors between operators using superior position-KCC has established Detailed Criteria on unjust behaviors of imposing unreasonable and discriminatory condition and restriction between operators", Press Release, March 21.
  34. Kramer, J. & Peitz, M. (2018). A Fresh Look at Zero-Rating. Final Report, Centre on Regulation in Europe, March. 28.
  35. Landes, W. & Posner, R. (1981). "Market Power in Antitrust Cases." Harvard Law Review, 94(5), 937-996. https://doi.org/10.2307/1340687
  36. Layton, R. & Elaluf-Calderwood, S. (2015). "Zero Rating: Do Hard Rules Protect or Harm Consumers and Competition? Evidence from Chile, Netherlands and Slovenia" http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2587542 (Retrieved on August 15).
  37. Nkom (2016). Analysis of the market for access and call origination on public mobile telephone networks. Norway, Nkom.
  38. Nkom (2017), Vurdering av Telias nulltakseringstilbud , Sak 1703653, 18. desember 2017, Norway, Nkom.
  39. NMHH (2016). "NMHH decision on non-discriminatory Internet.", December. 1. http://english.nmhh.hu/article/172521/NMHH_decision_on_nondiscriminatory_Internet (Retrieved on June 20, 2018).
  40. Ofcom (2018a). Monitoring compliance with the EU Net Neutrality regulation A report to the European Commission. Ofcom. June 29. (Retrieved on August 20. 2018).
  41. Ofcom (2018b), Own initiative investigation into Hutchison 3G UK Limited (Three)'s compliance with the net neutrality and roaming regulations, August, 02(Case reference: CW/01218/04/18) (Retrieved on August 20, 2018).
  42. Ofcom (2018c), Own-initiative investigation into Vodafone's traffic management practices, and other practices covered by the EU Open Internet Access Regulation, August, 02(Case reference: CW/01219/04/18) (Retrieved on August 20, 2018).
  43. Roslyn, L. & Elaluf-Calderwood, S. (2015) "Zero rating: do hard rules protect or harm consumers and competition? evidence from Chile, Netherlands and Slovenia." 37, 2015. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2587542.
  44. Rossini, C. & Moore, T. (2015). Exploring Zero-Rating Challenges: Views from Five Countries. Public Knowledge, 28.
  45. Sorensen, F. (2014). "Net neutrality and charging models". Nkom http://eng.nkom.no/topical-issues/news/net-neutrality-and-chargingmodels. (Retrieved on June 10, 2018).
  46. Sorensen, F. (2016). "A Norwegian Perspective on European Regulation of Net Neutrality" in Luca Belli & Primavera De Filippi (ed.), Net Neutrality Compendium (pp. 231-239): Springer.
  47. Szczepanski, M. (2017). The new European electronic communications code., Briefing EU Legislation in Progress, European Parliamentary Research Service. (Retrieved on November 1, 2017).
  48. Table 4 Types of and standards for prohibited acts in Enforcement Decree of the Telecommunications Business Act, [Presidential Decree No.27789, January 17.] Effective January 17, 2017.
  49. Telecommunications Act (S.C. 1993, c. 38), 1993.
  50. Telecommunications Business Act, [Act No.14576, March 13. 2017] Effective March 15. 2018.
  51. Telenor Homepage, https://www.telenor.no/privat/mobil/yng/, (Retrieved on June 6, 2018).
  52. TRAI. (2016). "TRAI Releases the 'Prohibition of Discriminatory Tariffs for Data Services Regulations, 2016" http://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/Press_Release_No_13_28_08-02-2016.pdf (Retrieved on June 30, 2018).
  53. Van Schewick, B. (2015). Network Neutrality and Zerorating, Attachment to Barbara van Schewick's Ex Parte in the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet submitted February, 19(2015), 14-28.
  54. Van Schewick, B. (2016). T-Mobile's Binge On Violates Key Net Neutrality Principles. Stanford, CA. Stanford Law School's Center for Internet and Society.
  55. Yang, T. (2018). "Foreshowed that Platform Neutrality, Zero-rating will be accelerated." inews24, August 11.
  56. Yoo, C. (2016). Christopher Yoo's E-mail to Ms. Vinod Kotwal Advisor (F&EA) Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, January 14.
  57. Unpublished: Jeitschko, T., Kim, S. & Yankelevich, A. (2017). "Zero-rating and vertical content foreclosure". Unpublished manuscript. Michigan State University, East Lansing.
  58. Unpublished: Somogyi, R. (2017). "The economics of zero-rating and net neutrality. Unpublished manuscript". Universite catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).