Figure 1. An NMR pulse sequence for T1 measurements. A pre-polarizing magnetic field (Bp = 50 mT) was applied for 2 s to enhance the magnetization and then ramped down adiabatically, aligning the magnetization along the Earth’s magnetic field (x-axis). A representative sample in a vial is shown in the inset.
Figure 2. Exemplary fast Laplace inversion and double Gaussian fits. T1 distributions from FLI (red solid line) in cases of 47% (a) and 24% (b) prostate cancer are shown. The Gaussian function (G1, dashed green line) with a smaller peak was chosen for T1 distribution of cancerous prostate tissue and the other Gaussian function (G2, dash-dot golden line) represented benign prostate tissue. Their sum (G Fit, blue dotted line) was compared to the T1 distribution from FLI. Fitting curves from FLI are compared to the experimental data in (c) and (d) where the percentages of prostate cancerous tissue are 47 and 24%, respectively. For histologic examination, the prostate tissue that underwent an NMR measurement was sectioned at every 2 mm of 4 μm thickness; and hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed. Percentage of cancerous parts (marked as 'X' in insets of (c) and (d)) in the whole tissue in each slice was used to calculate the average cancer percentage.
Figure 3. T1 vs. percentage of cancerous part (PCA,B) in tissues and T1 contrast ( δ = 1- T1B/T1A)
Figure 4. Comparisons between T1 and results from the pathological examinations. Pathological examinations such as Gleason's score (a), cell proliferation marker level (MIB- 1, (b)), and micro-vessel density (MVD, (c)), were compared to T1 and shown in Fig. 4. Representative image (d) of immunohistochemical staining with CD34 antibody; brown colored areas (green arrow, one such area) indicate locations of the micro-vessels. Gleason's score was not correlated with T1, but MVD was weakly correlated with T1.
Table 1. Prostate specimens and measured results.
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