DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Rapping as a Means of Improving Self-Expression: A Case Study of Adolescent Survivors of Childhood Cancer

소아암 완치 청소년의 자기표현 경험을 위한 랩 만들기 사례

  • Choi, Jieun (Art Education and Therapy Institute, Ewha Womans University)
  • Received : 2019.08.02
  • Accepted : 2019.11.05
  • Published : 2019.11.30

Abstract

This case study aimed to investigate changes in self-expression following participation in a rap making program with adolescent survivors of childhood cancer. The rap making program was constructed based on the contextual support music therapy model. Three adolescent survivors of childhood cancer participated in six 80-minute individual sessions. During the sessions, each participant engaged in the following tasks: song discussion, lyric creation, and rapping over a selected beat. At pre and posttest, the Self-Expression Scale was completed by participants. Their verbal expressions lyrics were observed during the sessions, and individual interviews with the participants were conducted at the completion of the program. The results demonstrated that the mean rating of the Self-Expression Scale increased after the rap making intervention. Analysis of the participants' verbal expressions and lyrics demonstrated that participants were experiencing difficulties adjusting to school that they wanted to resolve. Furthermore, the analysis of the interviews at posttest found that participants experienced positive changes in self-perception, self-expression, and expectations for their future, compared to the pretest when the participants expressed negative self-perceptions due to difficulties in interpersonal relationships at school and physical limitations. This indicates that rap making can be an effective resource for providing this population with the means to recognize positive attributes about themselves and improve self-expression.

본 연구는 랩 만들기를 통해 소아암 완치 청소년의 자기표현 경험에 대해 알아보고자 실시된 사례연구이다. 랩 만들기 프로그램은 환경적 지지모델 음악치료 모델에 근거해 구성되었고, 총 3명의 소아암 완치 청소년이 대상자로 참여하였다. 프로그램은 회기당 80분, 총 6회로 진행되었으며 참여자들은 노래 토의하기, 가사 만들기, 비트에 맞추어 랩 부르기 등을 통해 랩 만들기 활동에 참여하였다. 결과 분석을 위해 프로그램 참여 과정에서의 음악적·언어적 반응, 사후인터뷰 자료를 수집하였고, 사전·사후 자기표현 척도 검사를 실시하였다. 랩 만들기 프로그램 참여 후, 참여자들 모두 자기표현 평정척도 평균 점수가 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 랩 만들기 프로그램 참여 동안 나타난 참여자들의 언어적 표현과 가사를 분석해보면 참여자들이 학교 적응의 어려움을 겪고 있었지만 이를 해결하고자 하는 의지를 갖게 됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 반구조화된 질문을 통한 사후인터뷰를 통해 참여자들이 학교 복귀 후 대인관계, 신체적 어려움으로 인해 위축되어 있었던 과거에 비해 프로그램 참여 후에는 자신에 대한 인식이 긍정적으로 변화하고 자기표현의 경험을 통해 미래에 대한 기대감이 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 랩 만들기가 소아암 완치 청소년에게 자신의 가치를 인식하고, 다양한 자기 경험을 제공하여 자기를 표현할 수 있도록 하는 긍정적인 자원이 될 수 있음을 보여준다.

Keywords

References

  1. Abrams, A. N., Hazen, E. P., & Penson, R. T. (2007). Psychosocial issues in adolescents with cancer. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 33(7), 622-630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2006.12.006
  2. Ander, M., Cederberg, J. T., von Essen, L., & Hoven, E. (2018). Exploration of psychological distress experienced by survivors of adolescent cancer reporting a need for psychological support. PloS One, 13(4), e0195899. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195899
  3. Baker, F., & Uhlig, S. (2013). Voicework in music therapy: Research and practice (H. J. Chong, S. J. Kim, E. E. Kwak, K. S. Kim, & S. Y. Lee, Trans.). Seoul: Sigmapress. (Original work published 2011) [Baker, F., & Uhlig, S. (2013).
  4. Bruscia, K. E. (2006). The dynamics of music psychotherapy (B. C. Choi, & Y. S. Kim, Trans.). Seoul: Hakjisa. (Original work published 1998)
  5. Burns, D. S., Robb, S. L., Phillips-Salimi, C., & Haase, J. E. (2010). Parental perspectives of an adolescent/young adult stem cell transplant and a music video intervention. Cancer Nursing, 33(4), E20-E27. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0b013e3181d4b671
  6. Byun, C. J., & Kim, S. H. (1980). Assertiveness training program. Journal of Student Guidance, 13(1), 51-85.
  7. Cho, E. J., & Park, E. S. (2017). Adaptation experience and social support network of adolescent cancer survivors. Child Health Nursing Research, 23(2), 238-248. https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2017.23.2.238
  8. Chong, H. J. (2011). Influence of music on human behavior. Seoul: Hakjisa.
  9. Grocke, D., & Wigram, T. (2007). Receptive methods in music therapy: Techniques and clinical applications for music therapy clinicians, educators and students. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  10. Hwang, J. H., & Hong, S. D. (2016). The effects of play based self-expression training on emotional intelligence of students in elementary class. The Journal of Korea Elementary Education, 27(3), 243-261.
  11. Kim, J. Y. (2010). The bridge course development for the school reentry support of children with health impairment. Korean Journal of Special Education, 45(3), 135-154.
  12. Kim, J. Y., & Joo, E. S. (2017). A qualitative research on psycho-social adaptation of childhood cancer survivors: Focusing on the report of childhood cancer survivors. The Korean Journal of the Human Development, 24(1), 55-77. https://doi.org/10.15284/kjhd.2017.24.1.55
  13. Kim, S.-H. (2015). Poetic techniques of rap: Rhyme and flow (Unpublished master's thesis). Soongsil University, Seoul.
  14. Lee, C. H., & Han, K. H. (2015). A Study on effective Rap Music Notation and Analysis Method for Educational Usages, Korean Journal of Research in Music Education, 44(3), 203-225.
  15. Nam, S. I., & Choi, K. H. (2013). School reintegration, adjustment difficulties, and services for childhood cancer survivors. Korean Journal of Social Welfare Research, 38, 181-215.
  16. National Cancer Center (2015). Annual report of cancer statistics in Korea in 2015. Ministry of Health and Welfare.
  17. Park, S.-H., Kim, J.-E., & Bang, B.-R. (2016). A study on the effects to the communication capability and the accommodation of other person's perspective for the self understanding, the self accommodation and the self communication: Centered on the university students in Gungji-do and Seoul. Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 16(7), 410-422. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2016.16.07.410
  18. Rakos, R. F., & Schroeder, H. E. (1979). Development and empirical evaluation of a self-administered assertiveness training program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47(5), 991-993. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.47.5.991
  19. Robb, S. L. (2000). The effect of therapeutic music interventions on the behavior of hospitalized children in isolation: Developing a contextual support model of music therapy. Journal of Music Therapy, 37(2), 118-146. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/37.2.118
  20. Short, H. (2014). "No maths, no physics (so I spray my bars with lyrics)": Rap/music therapy with young men at a young offender institution. British Journal of Music Therapy, 28(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/135945751402800103
  21. Smith, M. A., Altekruse, S. F., Adamson, P. C., Reaman, G. H., & Seibel, N. L. (2014). Declining childhood and adolescent cancer mortality. Cancer, 120(16), 2497-2506. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28748
  22. Yeh, J. M., Hanmer, J., Ward, Z. J., Leisenring, W. M., Armstrong, G. T., Hudson, M. M., ... Diller, L. (2016). Chronic conditions and utility-based health-related quality of life in adult childhood cancer survivors. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 108(9). doi:10.1093/jnci/djw046
  23. Zebrack, B., & Isaacson, S. (2012). Psychosocial care of adolescent and young adult patients with cancer and survivors. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 30(11), 1221-1226. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.39.5467