References
- Benowitz NL. Neurobiology of nicotine addiction: implications for smoking cessation treatment. Am J Med 2008;121(4 Suppl 1):S3-S10.
- Benowitz NL, Jacob P, 3rd, Jones RT, Rosenberg J. Interindividual variability in the metabolism and cardiovascular effects of nicotine in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1982;221:368-372.
- Branstetter SA, Horton WJ, Mercincavage M, Buxton OM. Severity of Nicotine Addiction and Disruptions in Sleep Mediated by Early Awakenings. Nicotine Tob Res 2016;18:2252-2259. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw179
- Brook DW, Rubenstone E, Zhang C, Brook JS. Trajectories of cigarette smoking in adulthood predict insomnia among women in late mid-life. Sleep Med 2012;13:1130-1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2012.05.008
- Brook JS, Zhang C, Rubenstone E, Brook DW. Insomnia in adults: the impact of earlier cigarette smoking from adolescence to adulthood. J Addict Med 2015;9:40-45. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000083
- Chen LJ, Steptoe A, Chen YH, Ku PW, Lin CH. Physical activity, smoking, and the incidence of clinically diagnosed insomnia. Sleep Med 2017;30:189-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.06.040
- Cohrs S, Rodenbeck A, Riemann D, Szagun B, Jaehne A, Brinkmeyer J, et al. Impaired sleep quality and sleep duration in smokersresults from the German Multicenter Study on Nicotine Dependence. Addict Biol 2014;19:486-496. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00487.x
- Davies RJ, Turner R, Crosby J, Stradling JR. Plasma insulin and lipid levels in untreated obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring; their comparison with matched controls and response to treatment. J Sleep Res 1994;3:180-185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.1994.tb00126.x
- Davila DG, Hurt RD, Offord KP, Harris CD, Shepard JW, Jr. Acute effects of transdermal nicotine on sleep architecture, snoring, and sleep-disordered breathing in nonsmokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:469-474. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.150.2.8049831
- Gillin JC, Lardon M, Ruiz C, Golshan S, Salin-Pascual R. Dosedependent effects of transdermal nicotine on early morning awakening and rapid eye movement sleep time in nonsmoking normal volunteers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994;14:264-267.
- Haario P, Rahkonen O, Laaksonen M, Lahelma E, Lallukka T. Bidirectional associations between insomnia symptoms and unhealthy behaviours. J Sleep Res 2013;22:89-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2012.01043.x
- Hatsukami DK, Hughes JR, Pickens RW, Svikis D. Tobacco withdrawal symptoms: an experimental analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984;84:231-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00427451
- Htoo A, Talwar A, Feinsilver SH, Greenberg H. Smoking and sleep disorders. Med Clin North Am 2004;88:1575-1591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2004.07.003
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund General Practice Research Group. Effectiveness of a nicotine patch in helping people stop smoking: results of a randomised trial in general practice. BMJ 1993;306:1304-1308. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6888.1304
- Jaehne A, Loessl B, Barkai Z, Riemann D, Hornyak M. Effects of nicotine on sleep during consumption, withdrawal and replacement therapy. Sleep Med Rev 2009;13:363-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2008.12.003
- Jaehne A, Unbehaun T, Feige B, Cohrs S, Rodenbeck A, Schutz AL, et al. Sleep changes in smokers before, during and 3 months after nicotine withdrawal. Addict Biol 2015;20:747-755. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12151
- Jaehne A, Unbehaun T, Feige B, Lutz UC, Batra A, Riemann D. How smoking affects sleep: a polysomnographical analysis. Sleep Med 2012;13:1286-1292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2012.06.026
- Joorabbaf Motlagh S, Shabany M, Sadeghniiat Haghighi K, Nikbakht Nasrabadi A, Emami Razavi SH. Relationship between sleep quality, obstructive sleep apnea and sleepiness during day with related factors in professional drivers. Acta Med Iran 2017;55:690-695.
- Kang K, Seo JG, Seo SH, Park KS, Lee HW. Prevalence and related factors for high-risk of obstructive sleep apnea in a large korean population: results of a questionnaire-based study. J Clin Neurol 2014;10:42-49. https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2014.10.1.42
- Kashyap R, Hock LM, Bowman TJ. Higher prevalence of smoking in patients diagnosed as having obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2001;5:167-172. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-18805
- Kim J, Yoon DW, Lee SK, Lee S, Choi KM, Robert TJ, et al. Concurrent presence of inflammation and obstructive sleep apnea exacerbates the risk of metabolic syndrome: A KoGES 6-year follow-up study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96:e4488. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004488
- Kim KS, Kim JH, Park SY, Won HR, Lee HJ, Yang HS, et al. Smoking induces oropharyngeal narrowing and increases the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Clin Sleep Med 2012;8:367-374.
- Kim MG, Kim SD. The effect of smoking behavior on sleep quality in university students. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 2018;19:346-352.
- Lavigne GL, Lobbezoo F, Rompre PH, Nielsen TA, Montplaisir J. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor or an exacerbating factor for restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism. Sleep 1997;20:290-293.
- Le Houezec J. Role of nicotine pharmacokinetics in nicotine addiction and nicotine replacement therapy: A review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003;7:811-819.
- Lee JY, Brook JS, Finch SJ, Brook DW. Trajectories of cigarette smoking beginning in adolescence predict insomnia in the mid thirties. Subst Use Misuse 2016;51:616-624. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2015.1126747
- Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012;380:2224-2260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8
- Mak KK, Ho SY, Thomas GN, Lo WS, Cheuk DK, Lai YK, et al. Smoking and sleep disorders in Chinese adolescents. Sleep Med 2010;11:268-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2009.07.017
- McArdle N, Hillman D, Beilin L, Watts G. Metabolic risk factors for vascular disease in obstructive sleep apnea: a matched controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:190-195. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200602-270OC
- Mountifield J. Restless leg syndrome relieved by cessation of smoking. Can Med Assoc J 1985;133:426.
- Nakashima H, Henmi T, Minami K, Uchida Y, Shiraishi Y, Nunohiro T, et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea increases the incidence of morning peak of onset in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2013;2:153-158. https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872613478557
- Oksenberg A. Alleviation of severe restless legs syndrome (RLS) symptoms by cigarette smoking. J Clin Sleep Med 2010;6:489-490.
- Patten CA, Choi WS, Gillin JC, Pierce JP. Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking predict development and persistence of sleep problems in US adolescents. Pediatrics 2000;106:e23-e23. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.106.2.e23
- Phillips B, Young T, Finn L, Asher K, Hening WA, Purvis C. Epidemiology of restless legs symptoms in adults. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2137-2141. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.14.2137
- Provini F, Antelmi E, Vignatelli L, Zaniboni A, Naldi G, Calandra-Buonaura G, et al. Increased prevalence of nocturnal smoking in restless legs syndrome (RLS). Sleep Med 2010;11:218-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2009.05.016
- Sabanayagam C, Shankar A. The association between active smoking, smokeless tobacco, second-hand smoke exposure and insufficient sleep. Sleep Med 2011;12:7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2010.09.002
- Simiakakis M, Kapsimalis F, Chaligiannis E, Loukides S, Sitaras N, Alchanatis M. Lack of effect of sleep apnea on oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients. PLoS One 2012;7:e39172. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039172
- Taveira KVM, Kuntze MM, Berretta F, de Souza BDM, Godolfim LR, Demathe T, et al. Association between obstructive sleep apnea and alcohol, caffeine and tobacco: A meta-analysis. J Oral Rehabil 2018;45:890-902. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12686
- Varol Y, Anar C, Tuzel OE, Guclu SZ, Ucar ZZ. The impact of active and former smoking on the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2015;19:1279-1284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-015-1159-1
- Wallander MA, Johansson S, Ruigomez A, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Jones R. Morbidity associated with sleep disorders in primary care: a longitudinal cohort study. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2007;9:338-345. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.v09n0502
- Wetter DW, Young TB. The relation between cigarette smoking and sleep disturbance. Prev Med 1994;23:328-334. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1994.1046
- Wetter DW, Young TB, Bidwell TR, Badr MS, Palta M. Smoking as a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:2219-2224. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1994.00420190121014
- Ye R, Yang W, Yuan Y, Deng X. The CC genotype of the delta-sarcoglycan gene polymorphism rs13170573 is associated with obstructive sleep apnea in the Chinese population. PLoS One 2014;9:e114160. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114160