Figure 1. DPPH radical scavenging activities of M. officinalis extracts and their fractions. (A) Reflux extraction. (B) Static extraction. Ascorbic acid (30 μM). Con: non-treasted sample.
Figure 2. Effects of M. officinalis extracts and their fractions on RAW 264.7 cell viability. LPS induced RAW 264.7 cells were treated with various concentration of samples (25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL). (A) 100% EtOH reflux extraction. (B) 50% EtOH reflux extraction. (C) 50% MeOH reflux extraction. (D) Distilled water reflux extraction. (E) 100% EtOH static extraction. (F) 50% EtOH static extraction. (G) 50% MeOH static extraction. con: non-treated control, LPS: lipopolysaccharide treated control, Que: quercetin (5 μM) treated control.
Figure 3. Effects of M. officinalis extracts and their fractions on nitric oxide production of RAW 264.7 cells. LPS induced RAW 264.7 cells were treated with various concentration of samples (25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL). (A) 100% EtOH reflux extraction. (B) 50% EtOH reflux extraction. (C) 50% MeOH reflux extraction. (D) Distilled water reflux extraction. (E) 100% EtOH static extraction. (F) 50% EtOH static extraction. (G) 50% MeOH static extraction. con: non-treated control, LPS: lipopolysaccharide treated control, Que: quercetin (5 μM) treated control. Statistical significance of differences was evaluated using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, and *p < 0.05 versus LPS treated control sample.
Figure 4. Effect of chloroform fraction of M. officinalis 100% EtOH extract on the production of IL-6 (A) and TNF-α (B) cytokine in RAW 264.7 cells. LPS induced RAW 264.7 cells were treated with various concentration of samples (25, 50 and 100 μg/mL). Control: non-treated control. Quercetin (0.5 mM). Statistical significance of differences was evaluated using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test. a, p < 0.001 versus LPS treated control sample. b, p < 0.01 versus LPS treated control sample. c, p < 0.05 versus quercetin treated control sample. d, p < 0.001 versus quercetin treated control sample.
Figure 5. Tyrosinase inhibitory activities of M. officinalis extracts and their fractions. Con: non-treated control. Arbutin (0.5 mM). Statistical significance of differences was evaluated using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test. ***p < 0.001 versus arbutin treated control sample.
Table1. Total Polyphenol and Flavonoid Contents of M. officinalis Extracts and Their Fractions
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