DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Development of a High-Volume Simultaneous Sampler for Fine and Coarse Particles using Virtual Impactor and Cyclone Techniques

  • Okuda, Tomoaki (Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University) ;
  • Shishido, Daiki (Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University) ;
  • Terui, Yoshihiro (Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University) ;
  • Fujioka, Kentaro (Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University) ;
  • Isobe, Ryoma (Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University) ;
  • Iwaki, Yusuke (Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University) ;
  • Funato, Koji (Tokyo Dylec Corp.) ;
  • Inoue, Kozo (Tokyo Dylec Corp.)
  • 투고 : 2017.08.30
  • 심사 : 2017.12.18
  • 발행 : 2018.03.31

초록

Filter-based sampling techniques are the conventional way to collect particulate matter, but particles collected and entangled in the filter fibers are difficult to be removed and thus not suited for the following cell- and animal-based exposure experiments. Collecting aerosol particles in powder form using a cyclone instead of a filter would be a possible way to solve this problem. We developed a hybrid virtual-impactor/cyclone high-volume fine and coarse particle sampler and assessed its performance. The developed system achieved 50% collection efficiency with components having the following aerodynamic cut-off diameters: virtual impactor, $2.4{\mu}m$; fine-particle cyclone, $0.18-0.30{\mu}m$; and coarse-particle cyclone, $0.7{\mu}m$. The virtual impactor used in our set-up had good $PM_{2.5}$ separation performance, comparable to that reported for a conventional real impactor. The newly developed sampler can collect fine and coarse particles simultaneously, in combination with exposure testing with collected fine- and coarse-particulate matter samples, should help researchers to elucidate the mechanism by which airborne particles result in adverse health effect in detail.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Dockery, D.W., Pope III, C.A., Xu, X., Spengler, J.D., Ware, J.H., Fay, M.E., Ferris Jr., B.G., Speizer, F.E. (1993) An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. New England Journal of Medicine 329, 1753-1759. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199312093292401
  2. European Parliament and of the Council: Ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe, Directive 2008/50/EC, May 21 (2008).
  3. Hasegawa, S. (2016) Influence of positive artifact in $PM_{2.5}$ carbonaceous measurement. Journal of Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment 51, 58-63 (in Japanese).
  4. Hiyoshi, K., Takano, H., Inoue, K.I., Ichinose, T., Yanagisawa, R., Tomura, S., Kumagai, Y. (2005) Effects of phenanthraquinone on allergic airway inflammation in mice. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 35, 1243-1248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02297.x
  5. Ichinose, T., Yoshida, S., Sadakane, K., Takano, H., Yanagisawa, R., Inoue, K., Nishikawa, M., Mori, I., Kawazato, H., Yasuda, A., Shibamoto, T. (2008) Effects of Asian sand dust, Arizona sand dust, amorphous silica and aluminum oxide on allergic inflammation in the murine lung. Inhalation Toxicology 2008 20, 685-694.
  6. ISO 13271 (2012) Stationary source emissions - Determination of PM10/$PM_{2.5}$ mass concentration in flue gas - Measurement at higher concentrations by use of virtual impactors.
  7. JIS Z 8851 (2008) Sampler of $PM_{2.5}$ in ambient air.
  8. JIS Z 7152 (2013) Determination of PM10/$PM_{2.5}$ mass concentration in flue gas by use of virtual impactors.
  9. Kameda, T., Akiyama, A., Toriba, A., Tang, N., Hayakawa, K. (2010) Determination of particle-associated hydroxynitropyrenes with correction for chemical degradation on a quartz fibre filter during high volume air sampling. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 90, 976-987. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067310903359484
  10. Kaneyasu, N. (2010) Development of $PM_{2.5}$ impactor for the conventional High-Volume air sampler. Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment 45(4), 171-174 (in Japanese).
  11. Kaneyasu, N., Yamamoto, S. (2016) Design and evaluation of modified high-volume impactor for $PM_{2.5}$ ($HVI_{2.5}$). Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment 51(3), 174-180 (in Japanese).
  12. Kim, D.-S., Kim, M.-C., Lee, K.W. (2002) An experimental study on aerosol concentrators: different minor-tototal flow ratios and various numbers of nozzles. Powder Technology 127, 95-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-5910(02)00080-3
  13. Kumagai, Y., Taguchi, K. (2007) Toxicological effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon quinones contaminated in diesel exhaust particles. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment 1, 28-35. https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2007.1.1.028
  14. Loo, B.W., Cork, C.P. (1988) Development of high efficiency virtual impactors. Aerosol Science and Technology 9, 167-176.
  15. Ministry of Environment, Japan: Environmental Quality Standards for the $PM_{2.5}$, Notification #33, September 9 (2009) (in Japanese).
  16. OECD (2012) OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The Consequences of Inaction, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264122246-en
  17. Ogino, K., Nagaoka, K., Okuda, T., Oka, A., Kubo, M., Eguchi, E., Fujikura, Y. (2017) $PM_{2.5}$ induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in NC/Nga mice. Environmental Toxicology 32(3), 1047-1054. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22303
  18. Okuda, T. (2013a) Measurement of the specific surface area and particle size distribution of atmospheric aerosol reference materials. Atmospheric Environment 75, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.033
  19. Okuda, T., Takada, H., Kumata, H., Nakajima, F., Hatakeyama, S., Uchida, M., Tanaka, S., He, K., Ma, Y. (2013b) Inorganic chemical characterization of aerosols in four Asian mega-cities. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 13, 436-449.
  20. Okuda, T., Fujimori, E., Hatoya, K., Takada, H., Kumata, H., Nakajima, F., Hatakeyama, S., Uchida, M., Tanaka, S., He, K., Ma, Y., Haraguchi, H. (2013c) Rapid and simple determination of multi-elements in aerosol samples collected on quartz fiber filters by using EDXRF coupled with fundamental parameter quantification technique. Aerosol Air Quality Research 13, 1864-1876.
  21. Okuda, T., Hatoya, K. (2013d) Development of nondestructive simultaneous analytical method for multielements in $PM_{2.5}$ using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with a fundamental parameter quantification technique. Earozoru Kenkyu 28, 214-221 (in Japanese).
  22. Okuda, T., Schauer, J.J., Shafer, M.M. (2014) Improved methods for elemental analysis of atmospheric aerosols for evaluating human health impacts of aerosols in East Asia. Atmospheric Environment 97, 552-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.043
  23. Okuda, T., Isobe, R., Nagai, Y., Okahisa, S., Funato, K., Inoue, K. (2015a) Development of a high-volume $PM_{2.5}$ particle sampler using impactor and cyclone techniques. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(3), 759-767.
  24. Okuda, T., Nagai, Y., Isobe, R., Funato, K., Inoue, K. (2015b) Development of a simple single-nozzle middle-volume $PM_{2.5}$ virtual impactor and its performance evaluation. Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment 50(4), 185-191 (in Japanese).
  25. Okuda, T., Isobe, R. (2017) Improvement of a high-volume aerosol particle sampler for collecting submicron particles through the combined use of a cyclone with a smoothened inner wall and a circular cone attachment. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment 11(2), 131-137. https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2017.11.2.131
  26. Pope III, C.A., Thun, M.J., Namboodiri, M.M., Dockery, D.W., Evans, J.S., Speizer, F.E., Heath Jr., C.W. (1995) Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 151, 669-674. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/151.3_Pt_1.669
  27. Rule, A.M., Geyh, A.S., Ramos-Bonilla, J.P., Mihalic, J.N., Margulies, J.D., Polyak, L.M., Kesavan, J., Breysse, P.N. (2010) Design and characterization of a sequential cyclone system for the collection of bulk particulate matter. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 12, 1807-1814. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0em00034e
  28. Song, Y., Ichinose, T., He, M., He, C., Morita, K., Yoshida, Y. (2016) Lipopolysaccharide attached to urban particulate matter 10 suppresses immune responses in splenocytes while particulate matter itself activates NF-${\kappa}B$. Toxicology Research 5, 1445-1452. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TX00216A
  29. Takano, H., Yoshikawa, T., Ichinose, T., Miyabara, Y., Imaoka, K., Sagai, M. (1997) Diesel exhaust particles enhance antigen-induced airway inflammation and local cytokine expression in mice. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 156(1), 36-42. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.156.1.9610054
  30. USEPA: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter; Final Rule, Federal Register 78, January 15 (2013).
  31. Van Winkle, L.S., Bein, K., Anderson, D., Pinkerton, K.E., Tablin, F., Wilson, D., Wexler, A.S. (2015) Biological dose response to $PM_{2.5}$: Effect of particle extraction method on platelet and lung responses. Toxicological Sciences 143, 349-359. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfu230
  32. Wada, M., Tsukada, M., Kondo, A., Kogure, N., Lenggoro, W., Szymanski, W.W., Naito, M., Kanaoka, C., Kamiya, H. (2009) Separation characteristics of a multi-stage VIS impactor for PM10/$PM_{2.5}$ mass concentration measurement in a stack of a stationary source. Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan 46, 467-475 (in Japanese). https://doi.org/10.4164/sptj.46.467
  33. Wang, D., Kam, W., Cheung, K., Pakbin, P., Sioutas, C. (2013) Development of a two-stage virtual impactor system for high concentration enrichment of ultrafine, $PM_{2.5}$, and coarse particulate matter. Aerosol Science and Technology 47, 231-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2012.744446
  34. Yanagisawa, R., Takano, H., Inoue, K.I., Ichinose, T., Sadakane, K., Yoshino, S., Yamaki, K., Yoshikawa, T., Hayakawa, K. (2006) Components of diesel exhaust particles differentially affect Th1/Th2 response in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 36(3), 386-395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02452.x

피인용 문헌

  1. Exposure to particulate matter upregulates ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in the murine lung vol.195, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110722
  2. Effects of ambient particulate matter on a reconstructed human corneal epithelium model vol.11, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82971-1