Fig. 1. ABTS radical scavenging activity of fermented Momordica charantia (MC) with Leuconostoc mesenteroidesies (MC-LM). The reaction mixture contained 7 mM ABTS and 2.5 mM potassium persulfate in the presence or absence of various concentrations of MC (black bar), MC-LM (grey bar) at 37℃ for 10 min. The values represent the mean±S.D. for triplicate experiments. Significantly different from the ascorbic acid treated group.
Fig. 2. Protective effects of fermented Momordica charantia (MC) with Leuconostoc mesenteroidesies (MC-LM) on DNA strand breakage induced by peroxyl radical. pUC 19 DNA was incubated with 10 mM AAPH in the presence of various concentrations of MC-LM at 37℃ for 2 h. (A) Lane 1, control DNA; lane 2, lane 1 + AAPH; lane 3, lane 2 + 0.1 mg/mL MC; lane 4, lane 2 + 1 mg/mL MC; lane 5, lane 2 + 10 mg/mL MC; lane 6, lane 2 + 20 mg/mL MC. (B) Lane 1, control DNA; lane 2, lane 1 + AAPH; lane 3, lane 2 + 0.1 mg/mL MC-LM; lane 4, lane 2 + 1 mg/mL MC-LM; lane 5, lane 2 + 10 mg/mL MC-LM; lane 6, lane 2 + 20 mg/mL MC-LM. (C) Relative staining intensity of agarose gel was analyzed by densitometric scanning.
Fig. 3. Protective effects of fermented Momordica charantia (MC) with Leuconostoc mesenteroidesies (MC-LM) on the inhibition of α- glucosidase activity in the presence of various concentrations of MC (black bar) or MC-LM (grey bar).
Fig. 4. Protective effects of fermented Momordica charantia (MC) with Leuconostoc mesenteroidesies (MC-LM) on cell death induced by alloxan. RIN-m5F cells were treated with 4 mM alloxan the presence or absence of varying concentrations of MC (black bar) or MC-LM (grey bar) and cell viabilities were estimated by with a colormetric assay using MTT. The values represent the mean±S.D. for triplicate experiments. Significantly different from the control.
Fig. 5. Protective effects of fermented Momordica charantia (MC) with Leuconostoc mesenteroidesies (MC-LM) on the secretion of insulin from the cell induced by alloxan. RIN-m5F cells were treated with 4 mM alloxan in the presence or absence of varying concentrations of MC (black bar) or MC-LM (grey bar) and the amounts of insulin were estimated by using Rat/Mouse Insulin ELISA kit (Merk Millipore). The values represent the mean±S.D. for triplicate experiments. Significantly different from the control.
참고문헌
- J. Lee, H. Park, "Relationships between diabetic knowledge, self-care behaviors and HbA1c in diabetic patients using public hospitals", J. Korean Acad. Fundam. Nurs, Vol.21, No.3 pp. 243-252, (2014). https://doi.org/10.7739/jkafn.2014.21.3.243
- A. K. Meena, P. Bansal, S. Kumar, "Plants-herbal wealth as a potential source of ayurvedic drugs", Asian J. Traditional, Vol.4, No.4 pp. 152-170, (2009).
- S. Y. Lee, S. L. Park, Y. D. Nam, S. H. Yi, and S. I. Lim, "Anti-diabetic effects of fermented green tea in KK-Ay diabetic mice", Korean J. Food Sci. Technol, Vol.45, No.4 pp. 488-494, (2013). https://doi.org/10.9721/KJFST.2013.45.4.488
- J. O. Kim and G. D. Lee, "Hypoglycemic effects of a medicinal herb mixture prepared through the traditional antidiabetic prescription", Korean J. Food Preserv, Vol.18, No.6 pp. 923-929, (2011). https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2011.18.6.923
- W. K. Yun, H. J. Bae, Y. J. Kim, J. O. Kwon, M. H. Im, H. D. Cho, T. Kim, "Effect of the supplementation of Coconopsis lanceolata extract on lipid metabolism amelioration in type 2 diabetes mouse model induced by high fat diet", Korean J. Food Preserv, Vol.21, No.1 pp. 107-113, (2014). https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2014.21.1.107
- H. K. Son, H. J. Han, and J. J. Lee, "Anti-diabetic effect of the mixture of mulberry leaf and green teapowder in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes", Korean J. Food Preserv, Vol.21, No.4 pp. 549-559, (2014). https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2014.21.4.549
- H. S. Lee, H. J. Kong, E. H. Lee, S. J. Hwang, H. A. Jung, M. L. Kim, E. M. Choi, J. H. Jang, K. M. Yang, "Hypoglycemic effects of boiled rice made from unpolished rice, job' tear, and extract from medicinal herbs mixture on diabetic rat", Korean J. Herbology, Vol.29, No.3 pp. 59-70, (2014). https://doi.org/10.6116/kjh.2014.29.3.59
- H. J. Lee, J. H. Moon, W. M. Lee, S. G. Lee, A. K. Kim, Y. H. Woo, D. K. Park, "Charantin contents and fruit characteristics of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) accessions", J Bio-enviroment control, Vol.21, No.4 pp. 379-84, (2012). https://doi.org/10.12791/KSBEC.2012.21.4.379
- Y. Park, H. O. Boo, Y. L. Park, D. H. Cho, H. H. Lee "Antioxidant activity of Momordica charantia L. extracts" Korean J. Medicinal Crop. SAci. Vol.15, No.1 pp 56-61, (2007).
- E. Y. Kim, I. H. Baik, J. H. Kim, S. R. Kim, M. R. Rhyu, "Screening of the antioxidant activity of some medicinal plants" Korean J. Food Sci Thechnol. Vol.36, No2 pp. 333-338, (2004).
- H. S. Yang, Y. J. Choi, H. H. Oh, J. S. Moon, H. K. Jung, K. J. Kim et al, "Antioxidative activity of mushroom water extracts fermented by lactic acid bacteria", J. Korean Soc. Food Sc.i Nutr, Vol.43, No.1 pp. 80-85, (2014). https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2014.43.1.080
- H. S. Park, W. K. Kim, H. P. Kim, Y. G. Yoon, "The efficacy of lowering blood glucose levels using the extracts of fermented bitter melon in the diabetic mice" J. Appl. Biol. BChem. Vol.58, No.3 pp. 259-265, (2015). https://doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2015.041
- W. Brand-Williams, M. E. Cuvelier, C. Berset, "Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity", Food Sci. Technol, Vol.28, No.1 pp. 25, (1995).
- J. H. Kang, S. M. Kim, "DNA cleavage by hydroxyl radicals generated in the Cu,Zn-Superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxide system", Mol. Cells, Vol.7, No.6 pp. 777-782, (1997).
- M. Choe, D. J. Kim, H. J, Lee, J. K. You, D. J. Seo, J. H. Lee, M. J. Chung, "A study on the glucose regulating enzymes and antioxidant activities of water extracts from medicinal herbs", J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr, Vol.37, No.5 pp. 542-547, (2008). https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2008.37.5.542
- J. L. Kim, C. R. Bae, Y. S. Cha, "Helianthus tuberosus extracts has anti-diabetes effects in HIT-T15 cells" J. Korean Soc. Food. Sci. Nutr. Vol.39, No.1 pp. 31-35 (2010). https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2010.39.1.031
- R. L. Prior, X. Wu, K. Schaich, "Standardized method for the determination of antioxidant capacity and phenolics in foods and dietary supplement", J. Agric. Food Chem, Vol.53, No.10, pp. 4290, (2005). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0502698
- M. Sato, N. Ramarathnam, Y. Suzuki, T. Ohkubo, M. Takeuchi, H, Ochi, "Varietal differences in the phenolic content and superoxide radical scavenging potential of wines from different sources", J. Agric. Food Chem, Vol.44, No.1 pp. 37-41, (1996). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf950190a
- D. F. Fitzpatrick, S. L. Hirschfield, R. G. Coffey, "Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxing activity of wine and other grape products", Am. J. Physiol, Vol.265, pp. H774-H778, (1993).
- S. Yoon, H. K. Kwak, Y. K. Kim, H. K. Kim, M. S. Park, K. J. Yeum, H. S. Oh, M. J. Lee, J. H. Lee, G. E. Ji, "Functional foods. Life Science Publishing Co", Seoul, Korea, pp. 222-231, (2006).
- Z. Jia, M. Tang, J. Wu, "The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals", Food Chem, Vol.64, No.4 pp. 555-559, (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2
- M. G. L. Hertog, P. C. H. Hollman, M. B. Katan, "Content of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids of 28 vegetables and 9 fruits commonly consumed in the Netherlands." J. Agric. Food Chem, Vol.40, No.12 pp. 2379-2383, (1992). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00024a011
- R. L. Lee, "Nutritional Components and Antioxidant Activity of Dry Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) J Korean Soc", Food Sci. Nutr, Vol.45, No.4 pp. 518-523, (2016). https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2016.45.4.518
- E. Niki, "Antioxidants in relation to lipid peroxidation", Chem. Phys. Lipids, Vol.44, No.2-4 pp. 227 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-3084(87)90052-1
- K. Hiramoto, H. Hohkoh, K. Sako, K. Kikugawa, "DNA breaking activity of the carbon-centered radical generated from 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride(AAPH)", Free Radic. Res. Commun, Vol.19, No.5 pp. 323-332, (1993). https://doi.org/10.3109/10715769309056521
- B. N. Ames, "Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogens. Oxygen radicals and degenerative diseases", Science, Vol.221, No.4617 pp. 1256-1264, (1983). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6351251
- P. A. Cerutti, "Prooxidant states and tumor promotion", Science, Vol.227, No.4685 pp. 375-381, (1985). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2981433
- J. L. Sagripanti, K. H. Kraemer, "Site-specific oxidative DNA damage at polyguanosines produced by copper plus hydrogen peroxide", J. Biol Chem., Vol.264, No.3 pp. 1729-1734, (1989).
- T. Finkel, N. J. Holbrook, "Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing", Nature, Vol.408, No.6809 pp. 239-247, (2000). https://doi.org/10.1038/35041687
- S. Kawanishi, Y. Hiraku, S. Oikawa, "Mechanism of guanine-specific DNA damage by oxidative stress and its role in carcinogenesis and aging", Mutat Res, Vol.488, No.1 pp. 65-76, (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5742(00)00059-4
-
J. E. Kim, S. I. Joo, J. H. Seo, S. P. Lee, "Antioxidant and
${\alpha}$ -glucosidase inhibitory effect of tartary backwheat extract obtained by the treatment of different solvents and enzymes", J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nut. Vol.38 pp. 989-995, (2009). https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2009.38.8.989 -
J. H. Park, M. R. Baek, B. H. Lee, G. H. Yon, S. Y. Ryu, Y. S. Kim, "
${\alpha}$ -Glucosidase and${\alpha}$ -amylase inhibitory activity of compounds from roots extract of Pueraria thunbergiana" Korean J. Medicinal Crop Sci Vol.17, No.5 pp. 357-362. (2009). - C. H. Lee, Y. R. Lee, "Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of methanol extracts from different parts of Jerusalem artichke(Helianthus tuberosus L)" Korean J. Food Nutr. Vol.29, No.1 pp. 128-133. (2016). https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2016.29.1.128
- D. C. Weaver, M. L. McDaniel, S. P. Naber, C. D. Barry, P. E. Lacy, "Alloxan stimulation and inhibition of insulin release from isolated rat islets of Langerhans" Diabetes Vol.27, No.12 pp. 1205-1214. (1978). https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.27.12.1205