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A Study of Soil Moisture Retention Relation using Weather Radar Image Data

  • Choi, Jeongho (Dept. of Mechatronics Engineering, Chosun College of Science & Technology) ;
  • Han, Myoungsun (Dept. of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology) ;
  • Lim, Sanghun (Dept. of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology) ;
  • Kim, Donggu (Dept. of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology) ;
  • Jang, Bong-joo (Dept. of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology)
  • Received : 2018.10.19
  • Accepted : 2018.11.04
  • Published : 2018.12.31
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Abstract

Potential maximum soil moisture retention (S) is a dominant parameter in the Soil Conservation Service (SCS; now called the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)) runoff Curve Number (CN) method commonly used in hydrologic modeling for event-based flood forecasting (SCS, 1985). Physically, S represents the depth [L] soil could store water through infiltration. The depth of soil moisture retention will vary depending on infiltration from previous rainfall events; an adjustment is usually made using a factor for Antecedent Moisture Conditions (AMCs). Application of the method for continuous simulation of multiple storms has typically involved updating the AMC and S. However, these studies have focused on a time step where S is allowed to vary at daily or longer time scales. While useful for hydrologic events that span multiple days, this temporal resolution is too coarse for short-term applications such as flash flood events. In this study, an approach for deriving a time-variable potential maximum soil moisture retention curve (S-curve) at hourly time-scales is presented. The methodology is applied to the Napa River basin, California. Rainfall events from 2011 to 2012 are used for estimating the event-based S. As a result, we derive an S-curve which is classified into three sections depending on the recovery rate of S for soil moisture conditions ranging from 1) dry, 2) transitional from dry to wet, and 3) wet. The first section is described as gradually increasing recovering S (0.97 mm/hr or 23.28 mm/day), the second section is described as steeply recovering S (2.11 mm/hr or 50.64 mm/day) and the third section is described as gradually decreasing recovery (0.34 mm/hr or 8.16 mm/day). Using the S-curve, we can estimate the hourly change of soil moisture content according to the time duration after rainfall cessation, which is then used to estimate direct runoff for a continuous simulation for flood forecasting.

Keywords

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Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the soil-water-air layer, soil profile and soil moisture accounting.

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Fig. 2. Application area, St. Helena watershed, Napa County, California.

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Fig. 3. Multi/Radar Multi/Sensor data, (a) Northern California MRMS precipitation, and (b) MRMS precipitation field for St. Helena Napa basin, CA.

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Fig. 4. Multiple pulse hydrograph illustrating inter-event time duration (IETD) and S definition.

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Fig. 5. Process to separate a multiple hydrographs into single hydrograph.

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Fig. 6. Results of hydrograph separation.

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Fig. 7. Initial SCS-CN map and the corresponding values of potential maximum retention (S), (a) Runoff curve number, (b) Potential maximum retention.

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Fig. 8. Potential maximum soil moisture retention.

Table 1. Fraction (%) of Area Depending on the Land-use and Hydrologic Soil Group, and Min/Max SCS-CN Depending on the NRCS Cover Types.

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