Figure 1. Potential location of column removal in a framed structure (GSA, 2003).
Figure 2. Tie forces in a framed structure (DoD, 2010).
Figure 3. Tensile membrane action of reinforced concrete slabs: (a) with horizontal restraints; (b) without horizontal restraints (Jiang et al., 2018).
Figure 4. Collapse mechanism of tall buildings subject to multi-floor fire (Lange et al. 2012): (a) weak floor failure mechanism; (b) strong floor failure mechanism.
Figure 5. Progressive collapse of a frame with failure of connections (Sun et al., 2015).
Figure 6. Comparison of temperature-time curves of ISO standard fire and natural fires. (Richard Liew et al., 1998).
Figure 7. Illustration of a travelling fire: (a) Definition of the near field and far field; (b) distribution of gas temperature. (Rackauskaite et al., 2015).
Figure 8. Schematic of practical layout of bracing system in a framed structure.
Figure 9. Collapse mode I - general collapse with combined lateral drift of the frame and buckling of columns: (a) fire at midspan; (b) fire at edge.
Figure 10. Collapse mode II - lateral drift collapse: (a) frame with weak beams; (b) frame with high load ratio; (c) frame with hat bracing.
Figure 11. Collapse mode III - global downward collapse: (a) frame with strong beams or high load ratio; (b) frame with vertical bracing; (c) frame with combined hat and vertical bracing.
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