Korean Journal of Cognitive Science (인지과학)

The Korean Society for Cognitive Science (한국인지과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The effects of dart performance on target size perception: A test of action-specific perception

다트수행이 표적의 크기지각에 미치는 영향: 행동-특정 지각의 검증

  • 조영현 (광운대학교 산업심리학과) ;
  • 이형철 (광운대학교 산업심리학과) ;
  • 김신우 (광운대학교 산업심리학과)
  • Received : 2017.08.04
  • Accepted : 2017.08.12
  • Published : 2017.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Human perception is an outcome of the influence of various factors rather than objective reflection of external environment. Among the factors, action-specific perception is a phenomenon where perception changes in terms of one's ability to act on the environment. Previous research reported contradictory results regarding whether action-specific perception occurs during performance or after performance due to memory distortion or knowledge about performance results. In this research, we conducted three experiments to determine when action-specific perception occurs. Participants threw darts at different distances and reported perceived size of targets in each trial. The results showed that, in Experiments 1 and 2, participants perceived targets larger when they hit than missed the targets, and the effect was greater when the targets were not visible after each throw. However, because participants had knowledge about the results of their throws, there could have been bias in participants' responses. In Experiment 3, where this possibility was excluded, we also obtained action-specific perception, and therefore concluded that action-specific perception occurs during but not after task performance.

인간의 지각은 외부환경을 객관적으로 반영하기 보다는 다양한 요인들에 의해 영향을 받은 결과이다. 이 요인들 중 행동-특정 지각은 환경에 대한 행위가능성에 의해 지각이 달라지는 현상이다. 기존 연구들은 행동-특정 지각이 과제를 수행하는 중에 발생하는지 아니면 수행 후 결과에 대한 지식 혹은 기억왜곡에 의한 것인지에 대해 상충된 결과를 보고하였다. 본 연구에서는 행동-특정 지각이 언제 발생하는지 확인하기 위해 다트를 사용하여 세 개의 실험을 실시하였다. 참가자들은 일정한 거리에서 다트를 수행하였으며 각 시행 후 지각된 표적의 크기를 응답지에 보고하였다. 그 결과 실험 1, 2에서 참가자들은 다트를 실패했을 때 보다 성공했을 때 표적을 더 크게 지각하였으며, 그 효과는 수행 후 표적을 볼 수 없을 때 더 강하게 발생하였다. 그러나 참가자들이 자신의 수행결과에 대해 알 수 있었기 때문에 응답에서 편파가 발생했을 가능성이 있었다. 이 가능성을 제거한 실험 3에서도 행동-특정 지각이 발생하였으며, 따라서 행동-특정 지각은 과제수행 후가 아닌 과제를 수행하는 동안 발생한다는 결론을 내릴 수 있었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Abrams, J., Barbot, A., & Carrasco, M. (2010). Voluntary attention increases perceived spatial frequency. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 72(6), 1510-1521. https://doi.org/10.3758/APP.72.6.1510
  2. Anton-Erxleben, K., & Carrasco, M. (2013). Attentional enhancement of spatial resolution: Linking behavioral and neurophysiological evidence. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14, 188-200. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3443
  3. Bhalla, M., & Proffitt, D. R. (1999). Visual-motor recalibration in geographical slant perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25(4), 1076-1096. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.25.4.1076
  4. Canal-Bruland, R., Pijpers, J. R. & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2010). The influence of anxiety on action-specific perception. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 23, 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800903447588
  5. Canal-Bruland, R., & van der Kamp, J. (2009). Action goals influence action-specific perception. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(6), 1100-1105. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.16.6.1100
  6. Canal-Bruland, R., Zhu, F. F., van der Kamp, J. & Masters, R. S. W. (2011). Target-directed visual attention is a prerequisite for action-specific perception. Acta Psychologica, 136, 285-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.12.001
  7. Cooper, A. D., Sterling, C. P., Bacon, M. P., & Bridgeman, B. (2012). Does action affect perception or memory? Vision Research, 62, 235-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2012.04.009
  8. Costantini, M., Ambrosini, E., Sinigaglia, C., & Gallese, V. (2011). Tool-use observation makes far objects ready-to-hand. Neuropsychologia, 49(9), 2658-2663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.05.013
  9. Cutrone, E. K., Heeger, D. J., & Carrasco, M. (2014). Attention enhances contrast appearance via increased input baseline of neural responses. Journal of Vision, 14(14):16, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1167/14.14.16
  10. Davoli, C. C., Brockmole, J. R., & Witt, J. K. (2012). Compressing perceived distance with remote tool-use: real, imagined, and remembered. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(1), 80-89. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024981
  11. Fuller, S., & Carrasco, M. (2006). Exogenous attention and color perception: Performance and appearance of saturation and hue. Vision Research, 46, 4032-4047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.07.014
  12. Gobell, J., & Carrasco, M. (2005). Attention alters the appearance of spatial frequency and gap size. Psychological Science, 16, 644-651. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01588.x
  13. Gray, R. (2013). Being selective at the plate: Processing dependence between perceptual variables relates to hitting goals and performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 39(4), 1124-1142. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030729
  14. Hartline, H. K., Wagner, H. G., & Ratliff, F. (1956). Inhibition in the eye of limulus. The Journal of General Physiology, 39(5), 651-673. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.39.5.651
  15. Ittleson, W. (1952). The Ames demonstrations in perception. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  16. Kirsch, W., & Kunde, W. (2013). Visual near space is scaled to parameters of current action plans. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 39(5), 1313-1325. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031074
  17. Lee, Y., Lee, S., Carello, C., & Turvey, M. T. (2012). An archer's perceived form scales the "hitableness" of archery targets. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(5), 1125-1131. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029036
  18. Linkenauger, S. A., Witt, J. K., & Proffitt, D. R. (2011). Taking a hands-on approach: apparent grasping ability scales the perception of object size. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37(5), 1432-1441. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024248
  19. Linkenauger, S. A., Witt, J. K., Stefanucci, J. K., Bakdash, J. Z., & Proffitt, D. R. (2009). The effects of handedness and reachability on perceived distance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35(6), 1649-1660. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016875
  20. Liu, T., Abrams, J., & Carrasco, M. (2009). Voluntary attention enhances contrast appearance. Psychological Science, 20(3), 354-362. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02300.x
  21. Liu, T., Fuller, S., & Carrasco, M. (2006). Attention alters the appearance of motion coherence. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 1091-1096. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03213931
  22. Tanner, W. P., Jr., & Swets, J. A. (1954). A decision-making theory of visual detection. Psychological Review, 61(6), 401-409. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0058700
  23. Wesp, R., Cichello, P., Gracia, E. B., & Davis, K. (2004). Observing and engaging in purposeful actions with objects influences estimates of their size. Perception & Psychophysics, 66(8), 1261-1267. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194996
  24. Witt, J. K. (2011). Action's effect on perception. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(3), 201-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411408770
  25. Witt, J. K., & Dorsch, T. E. (2009). Kicking to bigger uprights: Field goal kicking performance influences perceived size. Perception, 38(9), 1328-1340. https://doi.org/10.1068/p6325
  26. Witt, J. K., Linkenauger, S. A., Bakdash, J. Z., & Proffitt, D. R. (2008). Putting to a bigger hole: Golf performance relates to perceived size. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(3), 581-585. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.15.3.581
  27. Witt, J. K., & Proffitt, D. R. (2005). See the ball, hit the ball: Apparent ball size is correlated with batting average. Psychological Science, 16(12), 937-938. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01640.x
  28. Witt, J. K., Proffitt, D. R., & Epstein, W. (2005). Tool use affects perceived distance, but only when you intend to use it. Journal of experimental psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31(5), 880-888. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.31.5.880
  29. Witt, J. K., Proffitt, D. R., & Epstein, W. (2010). When and how are spatial perceptions scaled? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36(5), 1153-1160. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019947
  30. Witt, J. K., & Sugovic, M. (2012). Does ease to block a ball affect perceived ball speed? Examination of alternative hypotheses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(5), 1202-1204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026512