1. Introduction
Since middle of the 2000s, not only central government but also local governments have promoted multi-cultural society by broadcasting media and social organizations to visualize multi-cultural society. Various kinds of multi-cultural policies and discourses increased fatigue of multi-cultural phenomenon to expand anti multi-cultural discourse.
Political leaders in Europe said failure of multi-cultural policy, and foreigners' vicious crimes were reported since 2012 to produce anti multi-cultural citizen groups and to open anti cultural discourse. The government-led multicultural policies triggered fatigue and resent, and anti-cultural discourse and Internet community threatened multi-cultural society (Han, 2012; Kim, 2016; Kim, 2015).
Anti multi-cultural discourse had not social analysis value but anti multi-cultural atmosphere to criticize the government, politicians and social organizations and to take the lead in opinions on Internet and to have influence upon the society (Kim, 2016).
Anti multi-cultural discourse opened multi-cultural society quickly at unmature atmosphere to complain society of anti multi-cultural atmosphere. Xenophobia and/or anti multicultural discourse might criticize theoretical practice not to be temporary phenomenon at bad economic situation (Kang, 2012). This was because multi-culture was discussed in Korean society to complain and to include anti discourses.
Korean society has opened multi-cultural society at rapid increase of married immigrant women and foreign labor workers, and Korean people's emotion could expand anti multi-cultural emotion. This was because opposite discourse might have influence upon change of multi-cultural policy same as in the United States, the UK and France.
The study suggested emotion and/or feeling to approach anti multi-cultural discourse having influence upon Internet opinions.
Anti multi-cultural discourse made atmosphere at shocking accident in the region and/or the world when uneasiness increased under new freedom system, and it needed to approach from the point of view of affect of the times (Kim, 2016).
This study investigated not only progress of multi-cultural emotion in South Korea but also background of formation of anti cultural emotion. The study investigated and forecast formation of anti multi-cultural emotion and racism based on racial homogeneity of the Koreans. And, the study investigated the Koreans' racism to classify into while race and non-white race based on discrimination and prejudice toward foreigners. Opposition against the government's multi-cultural policy was made based on inequality and polarization of economy and society and in accordance with the government's policy to make anti multi-cultural opinion. The study examined multi-cultural policy of Western countries that accepted immigrants, and suggested directions of multi-cultural society in South Korea, and investigated changes of policies by anti multi-cultural emotion in the world to forecast directions in South Korea.
2. Background
2.1. State of Multi-cultural Society
Since 1988 Seoul Olympic Game, the Korean society has accepted a lot of foreigners who learned development of the society and economy. At outbreak of the 1st Gulf War, immigrant workers in South East Asia selected South Korea to be new destination to let them go to South Korea to work. South Korean government has adopted policy of no permit of settlement of immigrant workers to control and manage. Before immigrant workers' immigration increased, the government had adopted policy of control of immigrant workers: When employers and/or business had infringement upon human rights of the workers at excess of the number, the government introduced foreign industrial trainees system in 1993. The system accepted immigrant worker not to be trainee but to be immigrant worker and to include non guarantee of labor rights (Min, 2015). In the 2000s, number of married migrant women increased, and in 2016, number of foreigners staying in South Korea exceeded 2 million persons to occupy more than 70% of the ones from Asian countries such as China. Immigrants are likely to increase. In the 2000s, academic world started to discuss multiculturalism. Sociology, anthropology, women's study, women's study, pedagogy and other sciences investigated multiculturalism and developed education programs to research much. Multi-culturalism discourse has been used often, and multi-culturalism needs to check whether or not it can be an alternative in the reality in South Korea.
Ministry of Justice said that number of foreigners in Korea exceeded million persons in 2007 to be 2 million persons 9 years later and to increase quickly. Five years later, number of foreigners residing in Korea is likely to be more than 3 million persons and to occupy 5.8% of total population. Member countries of OECD have ratio of foreigner population: 6% of France, 6% of Canada and 8% of the UK (Segyeilbo, July 27, 2016). South Korea has opened multi-race and cultural society.
In the 2000s, number of migrant workers and married migrant women rapidly increased to investigate state of long term residing foreigners and to take political actions of improvement (Seol, 2007). Multi-cultural society had two causes (Kim, 2005): First, multi-cultural society was produced by accepting migrant workers in accordance with movement of capital and labor when keeping cultural and country identity same as the UK, Germany and France. Second, citizens had various kinds of races and cultures to be accustomed to multi-cultural society, for instance, the United States, Canada and others. And, those countries had difficulty at social integration (Kim, 2013) that Korea belonged to first case (Kim, 2013). Being different from Western countries, Korea opened multi-cultural society quickly.
Multi-culturalism in the Korean society was made by the government to take actions against multi-cultural society and to have the government's counteraction of taking corrective action (Min, 2015), and it was used without regulations and discussion to reflect values of multi-culturalism under the government's leadership. Multi-culturalism has become important subject of press media and discourse to pursue in the future and to let many persons discuss and to have uncertain value and to make use of it by personal interpretation.
[Table 1] Foreigners residing in Korea
Source: Ministry of Justice (2015).
[Table 2] Birth and death
Source: Statistics Korea (2015).
[Table 3] Married immigrant by country
Source: Ministry of Justice (2015).
2.2. Concept of Anti Multi-culturalism
Multi-culturalism respects racial and cultural characteristics of race and culture when different culture exists in the society, and it gives all of individuals fair opportunity to be the government's policy and program. Majority group admits of minority group with same value to be synonymous for immigrants (Min, 2015). Thoughts and phenomenon against multi-culturalism were called to be anti multi-culturalism (Kim, 2013). In 2011, David Cameron, prime minister of the UK, "It is time to give up failed multi-culturalism, followed by other countries in Europe. Problems of multi-culturalism were rained to discuss anti multi-culturalism openly. Anti multiculturalism said destruction of multi-culturalism policy because of promotion of multi-culturalism policy without social consensus, expansion of profit of not people but global enterprises and disturbance of Korean people's identity and values (Kang, 2014).
Anti multi-culturalism groups had logics on negative emotion not to express aggressive actions but to accelerate negative cognition and emotion and to hate multi-culturalism without settlement and to take actions not accepted in the society and to let foreigners take negative actions. (Min, 2015). When multi-cultural policy looks for mutual cooperation between foreigners and the Koreans, anti multicultural discourse may say confrontation of interest between both parties as well as losses of coexistence. So, anti multi-cultural discourse shall argue social inequality, isolation, economic polarization, unemployment, and welfare because of multi-culturalism to say social and economic uneasiness and complaint against immigrants and/or foreigners under new freedom (Kang, 2014).
Uncommon media can expand may expand negative cognition on multi-culturalism. Media in Korea have reported negativeness on multi-culturalism by provocative and interesting contents. Media in Korea reported provocative and interesting contents not considering human rights of migrant workers with one sided point of view. Racial minority has not been given attention than the disabled and/or part time workers had been given to give the Koreans negative idea and prejudice of potential criminals of married immigrants (Baek, 2005).
Anti multi-culturalism has been expanded in Korean society because the Korean government did not promote multi-culturalism and the press as well as citizen groups did not inform values of multi-culturalism. When the Korean society was not anti culturalism society, the government's multi-cultural policy and the press' opinion creation made multi-culturalism. Anti multi-culturalism gave warning and doubt of outsiders on Internet to expand working area and to proliferate anti multi-culturalism. Formation and detection of anti multi-culturalism may help understand cognition in this society (Kim, 2016).
2.3. Features of Anti Multi-culturalism
In Korean society, anti multi-culturalism has been made firmly not by theoretical discussion but on Internet. Internet is based on anonymity to express anti multi-culturalism easily by opponents.
In 2008, anti multi-culturalism emotion was expanded to open 'opposition to multi-culturalism' cafe on Internet, and in 2010, not only citizen group destroying foreigner crimes but also international marriage victim center was opened. Number of members rapidly increased from 1,700 persons in 2010 to more than 10,000 persons in November 2016, six times up (Yonhap News, 2011).
A representative of citizen group of foreigner crime destruction said that a migrant women came to Korea by international marriage to get Korean nationality and to let Korean woman pregnant and get married: So, the government's preference of multi-culturalism may discriminate Koreans to destroy Koreans (Han, 2010, requoted).
The Korean society created anti multi-cultural emotion by foreigners' crimes, welfare payment, and loss of the job in order. Since 2012 when foreigners committed crimes consecutively, citizens worried about foreigner's crimes. Citizens worried about not economic threat such as increase of welfare burden, loss of job opportunity but social threat such as increase of foreigner crimes, and foreigners’ vicious crimes increased anti multi-culturalism (Sim, 2016).
Multi-culturalism theories have been developed to grow up despite opposition ideas. From point of view of theories, multi-culturalism was based on cultural imperialism to make social minority be third party. And, multi-culturalism was said to strengthen hierarch between racial groups and to depend upon others and to have not self-supporting and to apply not to developing countries but to Western countries. Multiculturalism admits of cultural symbol not to distribute physical resources and/or political power and to divide socially and give hindrance to social integration (Han, 2010).
3. Anti Multi-Culturalism Emotion Formation and Problems in Korea
3.1. Koreans' Nationalism Emotion
Koreans' nationalism emotion is rather complicated. Koreans' racism identity and blood oriented ethnic nationalism are: First, Koreans' nationalism emotion had same blood and fortune. The belief is based on single blood to inherit thousands years regardless of actual existence of pure blood race. Single culturalism in the Korean society has relation. Second, Koreans' single nationalism is thought to be product of modern ideology at the end of Chosun Dynasty. The three countries, that is to say, China, Japan and Korea have almost same kind of race that is uncommon in history (Hobsbawm, 1990). Advent of nationalism is said to be product of modern days to pay attention of specialty of the society (Lee, 2012). Korean people's single blood and pure blood in the era of Japanese Imperialist's rule was base of formation of thought, culture and political configuration of Korea to be differentiated and to strengthen exclusivism. Nationalism by political group emphasizes existence and excellence of Korean people and culture in the society to unite Korean people rather than human rights, peace and freedom and other common values. In the course, governing power suppressed hindrance factors of system keeping, foreign race and people in the name of development of the nation. Exclusive nationalism produced prejudice upon Chines emigrant, mixed blood and foreigners in the country to discriminate and to exercise violence. (Ha, 2012).
Koreans' nationalism emotion is included in Korea's industrialization, global strategy, North Korea's survival strategy and governing ideology to be based on historical experience by nationalism spirit (Lee, 2012). Koreans hate changes destroying identity to think of nationalism approach. Koreans think of their own culture despite acceptance of foreign culture that does not give harm to Koreans' essence (Yoon, 2008). Koreans may reject multi-culturalism when base of inherent culture is threatened. Koreans do not think of great destruction of identity by multi-culturalism (Yum, 2011). The Koreans do not think of exclusiveness between multi-culturalism and single nationalism, and think of supplementation and parallelism (Lee, 2012). Foreigners and migrants increase to disturb nationality identification and to lower national unity. National identification has been large at time elapse a little, and the Koreans think of both single nationalism and multi-culturalism. The Koreans do not accept multi-culturalism absolutely and accept it inevitably (Sim, 2016). Korea having myth of single race has accepted foreigners through various kinds of routes. The Koreans have antipathy feeling against foreigners. The concept of race has been recently made: Korean people think of five thousands years history by the race, and no one adds myth of purity of Koreans. Myth of single race of the Koreans has conflicted with Korea's internationalization at rapid inflow of foreigners to be disturbed very much. Immigration to Korea does not seem to produce cultural conflict than the one to Europe. This was because closed culture of Islam did not adhere to cultural identity to differ from Europe (Kim, 2013).
3.2. Discrimination against Non-white people and White people
The government regarded different race and people as a member of the Korean society by using terminology of multi-cultural family and others and took counteractions. Ratio of foreigners in Korea occupied 3.7% of total population to be lower than that of European countries having more than 10% of foreign residents and to make change greatly considering national identity of Korea putting an emphasis upon single race country. The government has adopted national subject of conversion into multi-cultural society to promote governmental policy. A lot of discourses and analyses have been released in the Korean society, and mass media have introduced foreigners in different way. But, Koreans often hated and discriminated non-white people at daily lives (Ha, 2012). Mass media having close relation with daily lives have shown rich foreigner characters to reflect current situation that number of foreigners in Korea exceeded 2 million persons. Many soap operas and movies described foreigners according to fixed idea of race and people. (Ju & Roh, 2013). TV and other mass media described black people, and migrant workers from Pakistan, Bangladesh and other Asian countries to be pitiful and to be given sympathy. Foreigners residing in Korea were described at thesis of 'sympathy and admiration' and many programs of KBS 'Love in Asia' to be the ones who needed help, and to reproduce foreigners according to specific frame (E-today, 2016).
White heroes at TV foreign movie series in the 1980s, for instance, V, Mac Gyver, Six million dollar man, Somas, Wonder Woman and others had extraordinary ability not to die. The heros' unlimited power and justice described start of 'White myth' that represented white people and Western culture (Ahn, 2015).
The Koreans who are non-white people believe in white-mythology to have desire of white and to hate Islam being enemy of modern people (Ha, 2012). Discrimination against the race produced Western country-oriented modernism and colonialism to accept Western countries' culture and value and to modernize colonial and dependent Western countries and to have view points discriminating non-white people depending upon economic preference.
3.3. Counter Emotion against the Government's Multi-cultural Policy
A report of "Diagnosis and reformation of social integration policy of immigrants" was submitted to the Ministry of Justice (Moon, et al., 2015): 30.6% of the people wanted decrease of immigrants residing in the country. Increase of immigrants produced problems of increase of crimes (35.8%) followed by social conflict between the Koreans and immigrants (20.4%), reverse discrimination at increase of immigrants' political, economic and social influence (13.3%), More tax for immigrant education and welfare (12.6%), and job opportunity (11.9%). Interviewees (64.4%) said more conflict at expanded immigration. The interviewees (48.1%) had no idea of paying of taxes to solve poverty and welfare problems of immigrants, and no more than 20.6% of the interviewees said 'to have idea to pay tax' (Korea Herald Economic Daily, 2016). The interviewees negatively thought of creation of social conflict at increase of immigrants to have needs of social integration policy.
Citizen groups opposed to the government's multiculturalism policy; opposition of the government's multiculturalism policy, citizen group of counteraction for foreign workers, citizen group of people's practice of anti multiculturalism, Arirang Times, and citizen group of destruction of foreigner crimes: The citizen groups launched with fatigue and antipathy against government-led policy to increase anti multi-culturalism discourse and Internet community and to threaten multi-cultural society (Kim, 2016; Sim, 2016). As many as 99% of comments of articles of multi-culturalism and/or foreigners on Internet has opposed to accommodation and/or preference of foreigners. The press has supported multi-culturalism in one sided way to blame criticism against foreigners as xenophobia. Some of them may have xenophobia, and most of them hate adverse effect of rapid inflow of foreigners and the government policy encouraging immigration of foreigners (Kim, 2014).
Multi-culturalism in Korea has been promoted by the government to be systematic racism that separates the Koreans from the third party (Ha, 2012). The policy is aimed at married immigrants being 10% of total immigrants in the name of multi-culturalism. Multi-culturalism discourse and policy are aimed at the rights and welfare of foreigners and/or immigrants not to pay attention to the government's reverse discrimination and/or Korean losses, so that Koreans are very much dissatisfied. Multi culturalism policy of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family has supported married immigrants to introduce foreigners and to let them reside easily and to strengthen and expand multi-culturalism policy and to be difficult to prevent disturbance and conflict (Kim, 2013).
The Korean attitude toward foreigners made change to be positive and generous than as they used to be, and Koreans treat foreigners differently depending upon native country's development to give foreigners benefit and warmness for foreigners and not to compete with domestic people and not to challenge Korean culture and social system (Yum, 2011).
Countries that had accepted multi-culturalism than Korea earlier had social conflict having connection with economic situation: Opposition to the government's multi-culturalism policy had a problem of distribution of economic benefit. The government's multi-cultural policy contains no permit of blood nationalism in the flow of internationalization and multiculturalism to pursue by multi-culturalism education. The government policy has relations with academic world interest in multi-culturalism, more role of citizen group, change of social cognition on common human rights, and demand on social openness in accordance with internationalization. The government shall look for social integration based on the variety in the process of multi-culturalism from point of view of long term (Kim, 2011; Lee, 2012).
4. Anti Multi-culturalism in Foreign Countries
4.1. Germany
After the World War 1 and 2, Germany had developed economy greatly in the name of 'miracle of Rhein River'. The German government adopted guest worker system of large scaled migration policy to supplement shortage of labor of industrial area (Choi, 2016; Kim, 2009). The foreign workers were treated economically and socially same as German workers were done, and were given right to elect and right to be elected. The foreign workers were thought to return to Germany owing to German government's policy. Foreign workers in Germany were given negative response because of economic stagnation in Germany to produce xenophobia (Auslander feindlichkeit) (Min, 2015).
In 1989, both Germanies were united to give German society hope and disappointment and to turn social disappointment to foreigners and to expand xenophobia against foreigners. Residents in East Germany could not adapt them to market economy system to hate difference and to emphasize homogeneity under political, economic and social environment and to expand xenophobia. (Lee, 2009).
Refugee in Germany produced social problems in the middle of 2013 when refugees at Syrian Civil War were accepted. Refugees at Syrian Civil War rapidly increased than the ones at the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan to create problems (Lee, 2016). News articles described situation made by xenophobia:
Germany with rapid increase of refugees was found to have crimes against refugees this year. Wilt, public magazine, 3,600 crimes of xenophobia until now this year by quoting saying of Thomas de Maizière, minister of home affairs as of 21st day.
The minister said that criminals committed as many as 850 crimes against refugees at shelter and/or residing at that place four times than that of previous year. (omit). The police authority in Germany that not only Neo Nazi but also extreme right power committed 11,312 crimes until end of October this year to be more than 10,541 crimes last year by quoting Zeit Online (Yonhap News, 2015).
Aforementioned article says that hate against foreigners has organized pro Neo Nazi group beyond individual's racism and nationalism to take aggressive actions and to create social conflict.
Wikipedia, online encyclopedia, says that Neo Nazism is thought and/or movement accepting national socialist thought after Nazi Germany. After unification of Germany in 1990, a lot of new Nazi organizations were made at unstable economy and high unemployment rate. Those organizations also hated slave race countries such as Poland, and the ones who immigrated from West Germany to East Germany had same emotion.
German people hated foreign workers at high unemployment rate, unstable economy and unstable society to produce social conflict: Merkel, prime minister of Germany, said that multi-culturalism absolutely failed. Germany made effort to build multi-culturalism society and failed to do: Germany was said to be generous toward foreign workers not to admit of social problem in Germany by multi-culturalism (Min, 2015).
4.2. France
After Napoleon War in the latter half of 18th century, France started to accept immigrants from Italy, Belgium, Algeria and Spain to increase population and to strengthen national power. France accepted immigrant from Eastern and Southern Europe in the 1880s, and farming labor workers and mining labor workers from Poland from 1905. At outbreak of First World War, Polish immigrants were replaced by Islamic people from Algeria, and foreigner immigration was expanded until early 1970s to recover construction after the Second World War (Lee, 2009).
The French Government followed territorial principle to assimilate immigrants with language, education and social welfare and to have difficulty at multi-culturalism policy because of social maladaptation, frustration and resistance of immigrants from North Africa, Maghrib, and Middle East. After World War Two, rapid increase of demand on labor force introduced immigrants from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia being colonial countries: Since then, low income and unskilled labor workers lost job at economic crisis. Second and/or third generation of the immigrants were easy to be socially maladjusted and to create conflict by extreme right party's racism because of different life styles from European society (Chungcheong Today, 2015).
France is said to be one of countries with very much strong logic of assimilation in the world. As a traveller gives questions in English, so a French person speaking English does answer. French government has adopted tolerance policy in appearance for a long time to let immigrant be French person and to fail. The French government regarded immigrant as the one for economic growth not to consider immigrant's culture (Choi, 2016). Not only native French person but also immigrants had conflict and discriminating cases:
Telegraph, daily news in the UK, said on the 28th day (local time) that keeper of restaurant at suburb of Paris expelled an woman guest in hijab to trigger dispute. A restaurant owner said, "Terrorists are muslim, and all of muslims are terrorists. We do not want your muslim's visit to this restaurant. Would you leave this restaurant?" Muslim women said, "We do not want to take meal at racist's restaurant". The restaurant owner said, "Racist like me does not produce bomb, nor kills persons." Prosecution is investigating restaurant owner's suspicion of racism (Herald Economy, 2016).
Muslim immigrants and others committed confliction and discriminative crimes in France to create crisis in welfare country and to expand xenophobia.
In the 1970s, world economy crisis, oil shock and GATT system threatened French economy very much to worsen national finance and to lessen expenditure of welfare.
French labor workers were paid salary exceeding subsidy a little, and the unemployed was given subsidy to prepare for immigrant workers to create conflict between the French people and immigrants (Lee, 2009).
4.3. UK(United Kingdom)
The UK had become the world factory owing to 18 century industrial revolution: In 1905, the UK enacted law of immigration control to invite foreigners much and to have xenophobia (Kim, 2005; Lee, 2009).
Early industrialization and subsequent economic stagnation had direct influence upon labor market. Non white immigrant laborers were invited after European white laborers were not permitted. During the World War Two, the UK accepted Polish government officials, soldiers and their family: After the war from 1945 to 1951, the UK accepted 70 thousand to 100 thousand of Irish immigrants to supplement shortage of laborers and kept displaced persons at labor camp in the name of European Volunteer Workers (EVWs). When most of laborers in the camp disappeared, the UK started to accept non white immigrant laborers having UK nationality from British Commonwealth such as India, Pakistan, Kenya, Jamaica, the Caribbean and Hong Kong, etc.
417 persons from Jamaica on board freighter named Empire Wimdrush came to the UK in May 1948, followed by 125,000 black from 1951 to 1958, 20,000 black in 1959 and 56,000 black from the Caribbean in 1960 (Kim, 2004).
The UK had xenophobia: The white attacked the black at Nottingham and Notting Hill in London in 1958 to trigger large-scaled riot at towns and to create conflict between UK citizens and the black and other non-white: The UK government announced limitation on assimilation of non white to control immigration of non white by 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act. The UK enacted UK immigration Act in 1968, British Nationality Act in 1971 and British Nationality Act in 1981 and others (Lee, 2009).
The UK had never adopted multi-culturalism to be official policy. Since 1970, multi-culturalism has been widely supported to promote public policy and to enter the UK society. David Cameron, leader of Conservative Party, announced failure of multi-culturalism at Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe in Munchen. At the first address after taking office, Cameron said that minority group of Muslim was separated from main society to encourage its culture and to let young Muslim people follow Islamic fundamentalism and to be terrorists. In June 2016, the UK that gave up multi-culturalism decided on Brexit by more than 50% of pro at national voting. Brexit had background of 'anti immigration and anti refugee' in the UK society: The UK did not join Schengen agreement to increase government expenditure on welfare and to create anti immigration in the UK. After 2008 Financial Crisis, the situation was worsened at stagnating economy. As shown in Brexit, the UK's xenophobia was made by people's identity, in other words, racism factor and economic factor (Kim, 2005).
4.4. United States (of America)
At the end of 19th century, the United States became the first industrial country in the world. The United States needed plenty of labor workers owing to industrialization so that poor people in the world wanted to immigrate to this country to get job. In the 1870s, people in Hungary, Italy and Russia immigrated to the United States, followed by immigrants from China, Mexico and other Latin American countries (Choi, 2016).
The United States took multi-culturalism policy at initial stage of assimilation that was represented by melting pot concept. Melting pot means that tradition and/or habit of a group in the past have been absorbed and/or assimilated into large culture. After World One, federal government actively supported program that could make minority group such as native American be American citizen. But, immigrants did not give up their identity not to avoid conflict with minority group. The concept of melting pot made change to be American mosaic.
At the end of 1800s when social atmosphere was disturbed at economic stagnation, labor union's strike, and Populism's uprising, American citizens had hostility against immigrants. American government started to give rapid limitation on immigration policy. (Kim, 2011).
The United States took movement of Americanization to let immigrant give up old habit and to adapt to the American society, for instance, case of KKK(KuKluxKlan). KKK was white's group to supervise black people who were resistive to take dangerous actions at liberation of slaves. KKK was revived in Southern rural areas in the United States after World War One to expel immigrants having value of non-America. KKK opposed to loyalty to foreign government, people and system to threaten Catholic religion believers, the Jewish and foreigners in organized way. KKK had secret meeting to hold burning cross and to walk in white colored do-rag in streets and to take a whip publicly and to cover victim's body with feather and to burn and exercise violence and to produce fear (Son, 2015). In 2016, Donald Trumph was elected to be President of the United States to argue white supremacy and anti-immigrant emotion, so that alt-right became anti mainstream politics. George Holly, professor of politics of Alabama University said that alt-right was thought group growing up based on Internet to have no form. Alt-right has pursued white nationalism and white identity politics that expels immigrants to found the United States of white only (Newsis, 2016).
5. Counteraction against Anti Multi-culturalism Emotion in South Korea
National Assembly Research Service said by recent research that the nation would have no population in 2750 at continuous total birth rate of 1.19 person. Birth rate of South Korea rose a little not to overcome low birth: 1.19 person in 2013, 1.21 person in 2015 and 1.24 person in 2015. Total birth rate of below than 1.30 person is said to be super low birth rate. In 2019, working age population is likely to decrease for the first time according to current trend of aging and low birth rate: In 2040, the elderly shall occupy one third of total population. Pro-immigration scholars say that foreigner immigration may be only alternative to keep working age population. (Herald Economy, July 27, 2016). Migrant foreigners was accepted to produce antimulti-culturalism naturally. Anti multi-culturalism in Korea had relations with the people's consciousness. The people think that 'we' differs from 'they', and respect the ones with high culture and economic ability and different skin color, language and religion, and hate, contempt and discriminate the ones having inferior state (Lee, 2009).
Prejudice and discrimination on foreigners may produce serious crime, and collective and psychological mechanism can give state of outsider and deviant easily and effectively (Shin, 2012). Korean people having nationalism based on pure blood are likely to have prejudice and discrimination against foreigners. And, Korean people tend to give rating according to races and nationality (Shin, 2012). Ethnic Koreans living in China and North Korean defectors said that they were classified to be beneficiary of the government and to discriminate, and that they were classified to be social minority and/or the weak when they were nominated to be beneficiary of multi-culturalism support policy. So, schools were needed to make change of ways to support multi-culturalism family only(Kim, 2009). "Treat foreigners to be same level of social members to lessen dispute of reverse discrimination." Multi-cultural family can be classified to be the ones of beneficiary and to give citizens rejection and to create dispute of reverse discrimination (Lee, 2012).
Public eduction program shall be made systematically and effectively to let citizens see culture and social environment of country of migrant from objective point of view.
Currently, Korea is making new culture to lessen trial and errors by referring to precedent case of the countries that experienced before (Lee, 2013).
Korea is forced to invite foreign workers to industrial sites, and needs to invite immigrant and to keep the Korean society considering high birth rate of married immigrants at low birth rate. But, immigrants having different language, religion and culture may be given prejudice and discrimination to produce social uneasiness.
Immigrants and their family in Korea shall be given employment, education and residing opportunity equally without social exclusion by legislation to lessen conflict in multi-culturalism society, and Korean society shall improve attitude to make change of citizens' consciousness and to improve mass media giving discrimination, uneasiness and fear image (Lee, 2013).
6. Summary
The Koreans have kept single race(one blood system) and single culture thousand years to have pride much to accept terminology of multi-culturalism at continuous invitation of foreign labor workers and married immigrants. Korean society gradually makes change from single culture society to multi-cultural society. International marriage has constantly increased to produce multi-culturalism society and to increase foreign immigrants constantly and to be likely to have influence upon Korean society.
Korean society is likely to make change and to be multi-culturalism society. Development of multi-culturalism society has worsened conflict depending upon difference of races, hierarchy, regions, ideology and difference. Closed nationalism emotion prevailed to be in climate of uniform and rigid education.
Korean society was proud of single nationality, and the government put multi-culturalism policies into practice and academic world released multi-culturalism discourse not to pay attention to negative aspect of multi-culturalism. Understanding on uneasiness and fear of immigrants, in other words, anti multi-culturalism emotion, may give direction of multi-culturalism in Korean society. Western countries gave examples of failure of multi-culturalism that needs to investigate expression of anti multi-culturalism.
Anti multi-culturalism policy of the government shall solve reverse discrimination of economic distribution and situation to get social agreement.
The Korean society had not produced new one by introducing another races, nationality and culture not to cognize failure experience of multi-culturalism in Europe. Nonetheless, Korean society shall not give up multiculturalism. Korean society shall prepare for multi-culturalism society to lessen social conflict as much as possible and not to neglect anti culturalism emotion producing social conflict, and shall investigate causes to lessen anti multiculturalism emotion and to integrate Korean style of multiculturalism society.