DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

참여적 리더십이 창의적 행동에 미치는 영향 - 심리적 임파워먼트의 단일차원과 다차원 매개효과를 중심으로 -

The Effect of the Participative Leadership on Creative Behavior - Focusing on Unidimensional and Multidimensional Mediating Effects of Psychological Empowerment -

  • Tak, Je-Woon (Seoul School of Integrated Sciences & Technologies) ;
  • Shin, Je-Goo (Seoul School of Integrated Sciences & Technologies)
  • 투고 : 2017.09.26
  • 심사 : 2017.12.04
  • 발행 : 2017.12.31

초록

본 연구는 참여적 리더십과 창의적 행동 간 심리적 임파워먼트의 매개효과를 규명하고자 한다. 특히 심리적 임파워먼트의 단일차원과 다차원을 통합적으로 분석하고 이를 통해 이론적 방법론적 시사점과 함께 참여적 리더십의 효과적 실천방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 자기보고형 설문방식의 측정으로 나타날 수 있는 동일방법편의(common method bias)를 해결하기 위하여 종속변수는 시차를 두고 측정하였고, 직무상황에서의 정서 상태(긍정정서, 부정정서)를 직급과 함께 통제변수로 채택하였다. 국내 300인 이상 규모의 다양한 업종의 기업에 근무하는 직장인들로부터 획득된 283부의 설문지가 분석에 사용되었고, SPSS PROCSS macro 프로그램(model 4)을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 참여적 리더십과 창의적 행동 간의 관계에서 심리적 임파워먼트(단일차원)의 완전매개효과가 확인되었다. 둘째, 심리적 임파워먼트의 다차원별 분석 결과, 의미(meaning), 자기결정(self-determination), 영향(impact)의 완전매개 효과가 확인되었고, 역량의 매개효과는 유의하지 않았다. 셋째, 심리적 임파워먼트의 단일차원(1개 요인)과 다차원(4개 요인)의 매개효과를 비교한 결과, 단일차원의 매개효과가 다차원의 매개효과보다 큰 것으로 확인되었고 다차원별 매개효과의 크기는 비슷한 수준으로 나타났다. 이는 해외 연구에서 밝혀진 참여적 리더십의 동기부여모델(motivational model)을 국내 경영환경에서 입증한 사례로서 향후 연구의 기반이 된다는 점에서 그 의미가 크다. 이상의 실증연구 결과를 바탕으로 연구의 의의 및 한계점, 향후 연구방향을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating effects of psychological empowerment between participative leadership and creative behavior. Especially, it aims to analyze the unidimension and multidimension of psychological empowerment in an integrated manner, and to suggest effective practice of participative leadership together with theoretical and methodological implications. In this study, the dependent variable was measured separately with time lag as a method to solve the common method bias that can be shown by the self-report type survey method, and positive emotions and negative emotions expressing emotional states in job situations were employed as control variables along with rank. A total of 283 questionnaires were collected from employees who work for companies in various industries with more than 300 domestic employees. SPSS PROCESS macro program('model 4') was used for statistical analysis. Results, First, the full mediation effect of psychological empowerment(unidimension) was confirmed in the relationship between participative leadership and creative behavior. Second, the analysis of the multidimension of psychological empowerment revealed the full mediating effect of meaning, self-determination, and impact, and the mediating effect of competence was not significant. Third, as a result of comparing the mediating effects of unidimension of psychological empowerment and the mediating effects of multidimension, the magnitude of mediating effect of unidimension was found to be much greater than mediating effect of multidimension. And The magnitudes of the three multidimensional mediating effects were similar. This is a case in which the motivational model of participative leadership revealed in the overseas study is proven in the domestic management environment and is significant in that it is the basis of future research. Based on the results of the empirical studies, the implications and limitations of the study and future research directions are presented.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. 김동산(2014), "이슈리더십과 성과 간의 관계에 대한 심리적 임파워먼트의 매개효과검증," 박사학위 논문, 국민대학교 대학원.
  2. 김성남.이규만(2011), "조직상황 특성, 심리적 임파워먼트 및 구성원 태도간의 관계," 경영과 정보연구, 30(4), 93-115.
  3. 김정식.차동옥(2013), "리더의 참여적 의사결정이 조직구성원들의 창의적 행동과 성과에 미치는 영향: 심리적 임파워먼트와 직무몰입의 역할을 중심으로," 인사조직연구, 21(3), 331-370.
  4. 박원우.김미숙.정상명.허규만(2007), "동일방법편의(Common Method Bias)의 원인과 해결방안," 인사조직연구, 15(1), 89-133.
  5. 손무권.장영철(2012), "변혁적 리더십과 창의성의 관계에 대한 심리적 임파워먼트의 매개효과검증," 생산성논집, 26(4), 97-126.
  6. 신건권(2016), Amos 23 통계분석 따라하기, 도서출판 청람.
  7. 이규만.최준희(2012), "리더-구성원 교환관계가 심리적 임파워먼트와 조직몰입에 미치는 영향," 경영과 정보연구, 31(4), 339-362.
  8. 이정환(2015), "진정성 리더십이 조직몰입, 업무성과 및 창의적 행동에 미치는 영향 : 학습지향성과 심리적안정감의 매개효과를 중심으로," 박사학위논문, 성균관대학교 대학원.
  9. 이학식.임지훈(2016), SPSS 22 매뉴얼, 도서출판 집현재.
  10. 이형권(2015), 매개분석.조절분석 및 조절된 매개분석, 신영사.
  11. 조태준(2014), "참여적 의사결정과 직무성과 간 관계에 대한 심리적 임파워먼트의 매개효과 연구," 한국인사행정학회보, 13(2), 211-239.
  12. 최병대.백기복.김익택(2016), "CEO의 임파워링리더십이 기업 재무성과에 미치는 영향," 인사조직연구, 24(3), 41-67.
  13. 최석봉(2012), "셀프리더십, 창의적 인성, 혁신행동 및 학업만족 간의 구조적 관계: 대학조직을 중심으로," 경영과 정보연구, 31(4), 611-638.
  14. 최해연.최종안(2016), "한국인의 정서 구조와 측정," 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 30(2), 89-114.
  15. 탁제운.신제구(2017), "참여적 리더십이 발언행동과 목표몰입에 미치는 영향: 리더신뢰와 심리적 안전감의 매개효과를 중심으로," HRD연구, 19(3), 39-72.
  16. 알탕토야 촉트바타르.황호영(2015), "심리적 임파워먼트와 외재적 보상의 효과가 직원들의 내적 동기부여와 창의성에 미치는 영향," 대한경영학회지, 28(1), 2973-3001.
  17. Ahearne, M., Mathieu, J., & Rapp, A.(2005), "To Empower or Not to Empower Your Sales Force? An Empirical Examination of the Influence of Leadership Empowerment Behavior on Customer Satisfaction and Performance," Journal of Applied psychology, 90(5), 945. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.945
  18. Amabile, T. M.(1983), "The Social Psychology of Creativity: A Componential Conceptualization," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), 357-376. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.2.357
  19. Amabile, T. M.(1985), "Motivation and Creativity: Effects of Motivational Orientation on Creative Writers," Journal of Personality and Pocial Psychology, 48(2), 393-339. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.48.2.393
  20. Amabile, T. M.(1988), "A Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organizations," Research in organizational behavior, 10(1), 123-167.
  21. Amabile, T. M.(1993), "Motivational Synergy: Toward New Conceptualizations of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in the Workplace," Human Resource Management Review, 3(3), 185-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(93)90012-S
  22. Amabile, T. M., Schatzel, E. A., Moneta, G. B., & Kramer, S. J.(2004), "Leader Behaviors and the Work Environment for Creativity: Perceived Leader Support," The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 5-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.003
  23. Amundsen, S., & Martinsen, O. L.(2015), "Linking Empowering Leadership to Job Satisfaction, Work Effort, and Creativity: The Role of Self-leadership and Psychological Empowerment," Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 22(3), 304-323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051814565819
  24. Arnold, J. A., Arad, S., Rhoades, J. A., & Drasgow, F.(2000), "The Empowering Leadership Questionnaire: The Construction and Validation of a New Scale for Measuring Leader Behaviors," Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(3), 249-269. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200005)21:3<249::AID-JOB10>3.0.CO;2-#
  25. Bandura, A.(1997), Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control, Freeman: New York.
  26. Barclay, D., Higgins, C., & Thompson, R.(1995), "The Partial Least Squares (PLS) Approach to Casual Modeling: Personal Computer Adoption Ans Use as an Illustration," Technology Studies, 2(2), 285-309.
  27. Bennis, W., & Nanus, B.(1985), The Strategies for Taking Charge Leaders, Harper Row: New York.
  28. Berg, S. T. S., Grimstad, A., Skerlavaj, M., & Cerne, M.(2017), "Social and Economic Leader-Member Exchange and Employee Creative Behavior: The Role of Employee Willingness to Take Risks and Emotional Carrying Capacity," European Management Journal, 35(5), 676-687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2017.08.002
  29. Chen, Y. F., & Tjosvold, D.(2006), "Participative Leadership by American and Chinese Managers in China: The Role of Relationships," Journal of Management Studies, 43(8), 1727-1752. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00657.x
  30. Chiaburu, D. S., Lorinkova, N. M., & Van Dyne, L.(2013), "Employees' Social Context and Change-Oriented Citizenship: A Meta-Analysis of Leader, Coworker, and Organizational Influences," Group & Organization Management, 38(3), 291-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601113476736
  31. Cho, T., & Faerman, S. R.(2010), "An Integrative Approach to Empowerment: Construct Definition, Measurement, and Validation," Public Management Review, 12(1), 33-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030902798610
  32. Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N.(1988), "The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice," Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 471-482. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1988.4306983
  33. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M.(1985), "The General Causality Orientations Scale: Self-Determination in Personality," Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6
  34. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M.(1991), A Motivational Approach to Self: Integration in Personality. In R. Dienstbier(Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Vol. 38: 237-288. University of Nebraska.
  35. Deci, E. L., Connell, J. P., & Ryan, R. M.(1989), "Self-Determination in a Work Organization," Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(4), 580. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.4.580
  36. Feng, C., Huang, X., & Zhang, L.(2014), "The Impact of Transformational/ Transactional Leadership on Creative Behavior: A Cross-Level Study," In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 13170). Academy of Management.
  37. George, J. M., & Zhou, J.(2007), "Dual Tuning in a Supportive Context: Joint Contributions of Positive Mood, Negative Mood, and Supervisory Behaviors to Employee Creativity," Academy of Management Journal, 50(3), 605-622. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.25525934
  38. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E, & Tatham, R. L.(2006), Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th ed., Upper Saddle River, Pearson Education: New Jersey.
  39. Harman, H. H.(1967), Modern Factor Analysis, University of Chicago Press.
  40. Hayes, A. F.(2013), Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, The Guilford Press.
  41. Hollander, E. P., & Offermann, L. R.(1990), "Power and Leadership in Organizations: Relationships in Transition," American Psychologist, 45(2), 179. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.45.2.179
  42. Huang, X., Iun, J., Liu, A., & Gong, Y.(2010), "Does Participative Leadership Enhance Work Performance by Inducing Empowerment or Trust? The Differential Effects on Managerial and Non-Managerial Subordinates," Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(1), 122-143. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.636
  43. Huang, X., Shi, K., Zhang, Z., & Cheung, Y. L.(2006), "The Impact of Participative Leadership Behavior on Psychological Empowerment and Organizational Commitment in Chinese State-Owned Enterprises: The Moderating Role of Organizational Tenure," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23(3), 345-367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-006-9006-3
  44. Kahai, S. S., Sosik, J. J., & Avolio, B. J.(1997), "Effects of Leadership Style and Problem Structure on Work Group Process and Outcomes in an Electronic Meeting System Environment," Personnel Psychology, 50(1), 121-146. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1997.tb00903.x
  45. Kahai, S. S., Sosik, J. J., & Avolio, B. J.(2003), "Effects of Leadership Style, Anonymity, and Rewards on Creativity-Relevant Processes and Outcomes in an Electronic Meeting System Context," The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4), 499-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00049-3
  46. Kanter, R. M.(1984), Change Masters, Simon and Schuster.
  47. Kaufman, B. E.(2001), "The Theory and Practice of Strategic HRM and Participative Management: Antecedents in Early Industrial Relations," Human Resource Management Review, 11(4), 505-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(01)00051-1
  48. Koopman, P. L., & Wierdsma, A. F. M.(1998), Participative Management. In P. J. D. Drenth, H. Thierry & C. J. de Wolff (Eds.), Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 3: 297-324. Hove, UK: Psychology Press/Erlbaum.
  49. Lam, C. K., Huang, X., & Chan, S. C. H.(2015), "The Threshold Effect of Participative Leadership and the Role of Leader Information Sharing," Academy of Management Journal, 58(3), 836-855. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2013.0427
  50. Liu, D., Liao, H., & Loi, R.(2012), "The Dark Side of Leadership: A Three-Level Investigation of the Cascading Effect of Abusive Supervision on Employee Creativity," Academy of Management Journal, 55(5), 1187-1212. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0400
  51. Miao, Q., Newman, A., & Huang, X.(2014), "The Impact of Participative Leadership on Job Performance and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Distinguishing between the Mediating Effects of Affective and Cognitive Trust," The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(20), 2796-2810. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.934890
  52. Miao, Q., Newman, A., Schwarz, G., & Xu, L.(2013), "Participative Leadership and the Organizational Commitment of Civil Servants in China: the Mediating Effects of Trust in Supervisor," British Journal of Management, 24(S1).
  53. Moorman, R. H.(1991), "Relationship between Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: Do Fairness Perceptions Influence Employee Citizenship?," Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(6), 845-855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.6.845
  54. Newman, A., Rose, P. S., & Teo, S. T.(2016), "The Role of Participative Leadership and Trust? Based Mechanisms in Eliciting Intern Performance: Evidence from China," Human Resource Management, 55(1), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21660
  55. Niehoff, B. P., Moorman, R. H., Blakely, G., & Fuller, J.(2001). The Influence of Empowerment and Job Enrichment on Employee Loyalty in a Downsizing Environment. Group & Organization Management, 26(1), 93-113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601101261006
  56. Nunnally, J. C.(1967), Psychometric theory, McGraw-Hill: New York..
  57. Organ, D. W.(1988), Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The "Good Soldier" Sysdrom, Lexington, MA. Lexington.
  58. Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W.(1986), "Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects," Journal of Management, 12(4), 531-544. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408
  59. Quinn, R. E., & Spreitzer, G. M.(1997), "The Road to Empowerment: Seven Questions Every Leader Should Consider," Organizational Dynamics, 26(2), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(97)90004-8
  60. Rodgers, R., & Hunter, J. E.(1993), "A Component Process Theorem of Job Satisfaction," International Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(2), 425-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585199300000022
  61. Sagie, A., & Koslowsky, M.(2000), Participation and Empowerment in Organizations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  62. Sagnak, M.(2016), "Participative Leadership and Change-Oriented Organizational Citizenship: The Mediating Effect of Intrinsic Motivation," Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 62, 181-194.
  63. Seibert, S. E., Wang, G., & Courtright, S. H.(2011), "Antecedents and Consequences of Psychological and Team Empowerment in Organizations: A Meta-Analytic Review," Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(5), 981-1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022676
  64. Shalley, C. E.(1991), "Effects of Productivity Goals, Creativity Goals, and Personal Discretion on Individual Creativity," Journal of Applied psychology, 76(2), 179. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.2.179
  65. Shalley, C. E., & Gilson, L. L.(2004), "What Leaders Need to Know: A Review of Social and Contextual Factors That Can Foster or Hinder Creativity," The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 33-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.004
  66. Sosik, J. J., Kahai, S. S., & Avolio, B. J.(1998), "Transformational Leadership and Dimensions of Creativity: Motivating Idea Generation in Computer-Mediated Groups," Creativity Research Journal, 11(2), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1102_3
  67. Spreitzer, G. M.(1995), "Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation," Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465. https://doi.org/10.2307/256865
  68. Spreitzer, G. M.(2008), Taking Stock: A Review of More Than Twenty Years of Research on Empowerment at Work, Handbook of Organizational Behavior, 54-72.
  69. Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A.(1990), "Cognitive Elements of Empowerment: An "Interpretive" Model of Intrinsic Task Motivation," Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666-681. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1990.4310926
  70. Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M.(2004), "The Pygmalion Process and Employee Creativity," Journal of Management, 30(3), 413-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2002.12.001
  71. To, M. L., Fisher, C. D., & Ashkanasy, N. M.(2015), "Unleashing Angst: Negative Mood, Learning Goal Orientation, Psychological Empowerment and Creative Behaviour," Human Relations, 68(10), 1601-1622. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714562235
  72. To, M. L., Herman, H. M., & Ashkanasy, N. M.(2015), "A Multilevel Model of Transformational Leadership, Affect, and Creative Process Behavior in Work Teams," The Leadership Quarterly, 26(4), 543-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.05.005
  73. Vancouver, J. B., & Kendall, L. N.(2006), "When Self-Efficacy Negatively Relates to Motivation and Performance in a Learning Context," Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 1146. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1146
  74. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A.(1988), "Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
  75. Yukl, G.(2013), Leadership in Organizations, Upper Saddle River, Pearson: New Jersey.
  76. Zhang, X., Chen, Y. Y., & Kwan, H. K.(2010), "Empowering Leadership and Team Creativity: The Roles of Team Learning Behavior, Team Creative Efficacy, and Team Task Complexity," In Academy of Management Proceedings (pp. 1-6).
  77. Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M.(2010), "Linking Empowering Leadership and Employee Creativity: The Influence of Psychological Empowerment, Intrinsic Motivation, and Creative Process Engagement," Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107-128. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.48037118
  78. Zhou, J., & George, J. M.(2001), "When Job Dissatisfaction Leads to Creativity: Encouraging the Expression of Voice," Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 682-696. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069410