Biomolecules & Therapeutics

The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology (한국응용약물학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Role of Micronutrients in Skin Health and Function

  • Park, Kyungho (Department of Dermatology, Northern California Institute for Research and Education (NCIRE)-VA Medical Center, University of California)
  • Received : 2015.01.06
  • Accepted : 2015.02.05
  • Published : 2015.05.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Skin is the first line of defense for protecting our bodies against external perturbations, including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, mechanical/chemical stress, and bacterial infection. Nutrition is one of many factors required for the maintenance of overall skin health. An impaired nutritional status alters the structural integrity and biological function of skin, resulting in an abnormal skin barrier. In particular, the importance of micronutrients (such as certain vitamins and minerals) for skin health has been highlighted in cell culture, animal, and clinical studies. These micronutrients are employed not only as active compounds in therapeutic agents for treating certain skin diseases, but also as ingredients in cosmetic products. Here, the author describes the barrier function of the skin and the general nutritional requirements for skin health. The goal of this review is to discuss the potential roles and current knowledge of selected micronutrients in skin health and function.

Keywords

References

  1. Abramovits, W. (2009) Calcitriol 3 microg/g ointment: an effective and safe addition to the armamentarium in topical psoriasis therapy. J. Drugs Dermatol. 8, s17-22.
  2. Badiu, D. L., Luque, R., Dumitrescu, E., Craciun, A. and Dinca, D. (2010) Amino acids from Mytilus galloprovincialis (L.) and Rapana venosa molluscs accelerate skin wounds healing via enhancement of dermal and epidermal neoformation. Protein J. 29, 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10930-009-9225-9
  3. Balagopalakrishna, C., Bhunia, A. K., Rifkind, J. M. and Chatterjee, S. (1997) Minimally modified low density lipoproteins induce aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation via the activation of mitogen activated protein kinase. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 170, 85-89. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006840927835
  4. Barresi, C., Stremnitzer, C., Mlitz, V., Kezic, S., Kammeyer, A., Ghannadan, M., Posa-Markaryan, K., Selden, C., Tschachler, E. and Eckhart, L. (2011) Increased sensitivity of histidinemic mice to UVB radiation suggests a crucial role of endogenous urocanic acid in photoprotection. J. Invest. Dermatol. 131, 188-194. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2010.231
  5. Bartholomew, M. (2002) James Lind's treatise of the scurvy (1753). Postgrad. Med. J. 78, 695-696. https://doi.org/10.1136/pmj.78.925.695
  6. Bikle, D., Teichert, A., Hawker, N., Xie, Z. and Oda, Y. (2007) Sequential regulation of keratinocyte differentiation by 1,25(OH)2D3, VDR, and its coregulators. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 103, 396-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.063
  7. Bikle, D. D. (1995) 1,25(OH)2D3-regulated human keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation: basic studies and their clinical application. J. Nutr. 125, 1709S-1714S.
  8. Bikle, D. D., Chang, S., Crumrine, D., Elalieh, H., Man, M. Q., Choi, E. H., Dardenne, O., Xie, Z., Arnaud, R. S., Feingold, K. and Elias, P. M. (2004) 25 Hydroxyvitamin D 1 alpha-hydroxylase is required for optimal epidermal differentiation and permeability barrier homeostasis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 122, 984-992. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22424.x
  9. Bikle, D. D., Ng, D., Tu, C. L., Oda, Y. and Xie, Z. (2001) Calcium- and vitamin D-regulated keratinocyte differentiation. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 177, 161-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00452-X
  10. Bikle, D. D., Teichert, A., Arnold, L. A., Uchida, Y., Elias, P. M. and Oda, Y. (2010) Differential regulation of epidermal function by VDR coactivators. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 121, 308-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.027
  11. Bissett, D. L., Chatterjee, R. and Hannon, D. P. (1990) Photoprotective effect of superoxide-scavenging antioxidants against ultraviolet radiation-induced chronic skin damage in the hairless mouse. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 7, 56-62.
  12. Boelsma, E., van de Vijver, L. P., Goldbohm, R. A., Klopping-Ketelaars, I. A., Hendriks, H. F. and Roza, L. (2003) Human skin condition and its associations with nutrient concentrations in serum and diet. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77, 348-355.
  13. Bouwstra, J.A., Pilgram, G.S.K., and Ponex, M. (2006) Structure of the skin barrier. In Skin Barrier (P.M. Elias and K.R. Feingold, Eds.), pp. 65-96. Taylor & Francis, New York.
  14. Burke, K. E. (2007) Interaction of vitamins C and E as better cosmeceuticals. Dermatol. Ther. 20, 314-321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2007.00145.x
  15. Burke, K. E., Clive, J., Combs, G. F., Jr., Commisso, J., Keen, C. L. and Nakamura, R. M. (2000) Effects of topical and oral vitamin E on pigmentation and skin cancer induced by ultraviolet irradiation in Skh:2 hairless mice. Nutr. Cancer. 38, 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327914NC381_13
  16. Campos, P. M., Goncalves, G. M. and Gaspar, L. R. (2008) In vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo efficacy of topical formulations containing vitamin C and its derivatives studied by non-invasive methods. Skin Res. Technol. 14, 376-380. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2008.00288.x
  17. Chen, L., Hu, J. Y. and Wang, S. Q. (2012) The role of antioxidants in photoprotection: a critical review. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 67, 1013-1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2012.02.009
  18. Cosgrove, M. C., Franco, O. H., Granger, S. P., Murray, P. G. and Mayes, A. E. (2007) Dietary nutrient intakes and skin-aging appearance among middle-aged American women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86, 1225-1231.
  19. Double, K. L., Ben-Shachar, D., Youdim, M. B., Zecca, L., Riederer, P. and Gerlach, M. (2002) Influence of neuromelanin on oxidative pathways within the human substantia nigra. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 24, 621-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-0362(02)00218-0
  20. Eichler, O., Sies, H. and Stahl, W. (2002) Divergent optimum levels of lycopene, beta-carotene and lutein protecting against UVB irradiation in human fibroblastst. Photochem. Photobiol. 75, 503-506. https://doi.org/10.1562/0031-8655(2002)075<0503:DOLOLC>2.0.CO;2
  21. Elder, J. T., Fisher, G. J., Zhang, Q. Y., Eisen, D., Krust, A., Kastner, P., Chambon, P. and Voorhees, J. J. (1991) Retinoic acid receptor gene expression in human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 96, 425-433. https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12469889
  22. Elias, P. M. (2007) The skin barrier as an innate immune element. Semin. Immunopathol. 29, 3-14.
  23. Elias, P.M. and Feingold, K.R. (2006) Stratum corneum barrier function: Definitions and broad concepts. In Skin Barrier (P.M. Elias and K.R. Feingold, Eds.), pp. 1-4. Taylor & Francis, New York.
  24. Elias, P. M. and Friend, D. S. (1975) The permeability barrier in mammalian epidermis. J. Cell Biology 65, 180-191. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.65.1.180
  25. Elias, P. M., Fritsch, P. O., Lampe, M., Williams, M. L., Brown, B. E., Nemanic, M. and Grayson, S. (1981) Retinoid effects on epidermal structure, differentiation, and permeability. Lab. Invest. 44, 531-540.
  26. Evans, J. A. and Johnson, E. J. (2010) The role of phytonutrients in skin health. Nutrients 2, 903-928. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2080903
  27. Ewing, C. I., Gibbs, A. C., Ashcroft, C. and David, T. J. (1991) Failure of oral zinc supplementation in atopic eczema. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 45, 507-510.
  28. Fine, J. D., Johnson, L. B., Weiner, M. and Suchindran, C. (2008) Gastrointestinal complications of inherited epidermolysis bullosa: cumulative experience of the National Epidermolysis Bullosa Registry. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 46, 147-158. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31812f5667
  29. Fine, J. D., Tamura, T. and Johnson, L. (1989) Blood vitamin and trace metal levels in epidermolysis bullosa. Arch. Dermatol. 125, 374-379. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1989.01670150064009
  30. Fisher, G. J., Datta, S. C., Talwar, H. S., Wang, Z. Q., Varani, J., Kang, S. and Voorhees, J. J. (1996) Molecular basis of sun-induced premature skin ageing and retinoid antagonism. Nature 379, 335-339. https://doi.org/10.1038/379335a0
  31. Fisher, G. J., Wang, Z. Q., Datta, S. C., Varani, J., Kang, S. and Voorhees, J. J. (1997) Pathophysiology of premature skin aging induced by ultraviolet light. N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 1419-1428. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199711133372003
  32. Frohm, M., Agerberth, B., Ahangari, G., Stahle-Backdahl, M., Liden, S., Wigzell, H. and Gudmundsson, G. H. (1997) The expression of the gene coding for the antibacterial peptide LL-37 is induced in human keratinocytes during inflammatory disorders. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 15258-15263. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.24.15258
  33. Gann, A. A., Gates, P. B., Stark, D. and Brockes, J. P. (1996) Receptor isoform specificity in a cellular response to retinoic acid. Proc. Biol. Sci. 263, 729-734. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1996.0109
  34. Gombart, A. F., Borregaard, N. and Koeffler, H. P. (2005) Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. FASEB J. 19, 1067-1077. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.04-3284com
  35. Goodman, D. S. (1984) Vitamin A and retinoids in health and disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 310, 1023-1031. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198404193101605
  36. Halliday, G. M. (2005) Inflammation, gene mutation and photoimmunosuppression in response to UVR-induced oxidative damage contributes to photocarcinogenesis. Mutat. Res. 571, 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.09.013
  37. Halprin, K. M. and Ohkawara, A. (1966) Glucose and glycogen metabolism in the human epidermis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 46, 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.1966.9
  38. Han, D. C., Isono, M., Hoffman, B. B. and Ziyadeh, F. N. (1999) High glucose stimulates proliferation and collagen type I synthesis in renal cortical fibroblasts: mediation by autocrine activation of TGFbeta. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 10, 1891-1899.
  39. Hehenberger, K., Heilborn, J. D., Brismar, K. and Hansson, A. (1998) Inhibited proliferation of fibroblasts derived from chronic diabetic wounds and normal dermal fibroblasts treated with high glucose is associated with increased formation of l-lactate. Wound Repair Regen. 6, 135-141. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-475X.1998.60207.x
  40. Hodges, R. E., Hood, J., Canham, J. E., Sauberlich, H. E. and Baker, E. M. (1971) Clinical manifestations of ascorbic acid deficiency in man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 24, 432-443. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/24.4.432
  41. Hunt, T. K. (1986) Vitamin A and wound healing. J. Am. Acad Dermatol. 15, 817-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(86)70238-7
  42. Igarashi, A., Uzuka, M. and Nakajima, K. (1989) The effects of vitamin E deficiency on rat skin. Br. J. Dermatol. 121, 43-49.
  43. Jean, J., Soucy, J. and Pouliot, R. (2011) Effects of retinoic acid on keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in a psoriatic skin model. Tissue Eng. Part. A 17, 1859-1868. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0463
  44. Johnson, E. J. (2002) The role of carotenoids in human health. Nutr. Clin. Care. 5, 56-65. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-5408.2002.00004.x
  45. Juhlin, L., Edqvist, L. E., Ekman, L. G., Ljunghall, K. and Olsson, M. (1982) Blood glutathione-peroxidase levels in skin diseases: effect of selenium and vitamin E treatment. Acta Derm. Venereol. 62, 211-214.
  46. Jurkiewicz, B. A., Bissett, D. L. and Buettner, G. R. (1995) Effect of topically applied tocopherol on ultraviolet radiation-mediated free radical damage in skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 104, 484-488. https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12605921
  47. Karna, E., Miltyk, W., Wolczynski, S. and Palka, J. A. (2001) The potential mechanism for glutamine-induced collagen biosynthesis in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 130, 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00400-6
  48. Kim, H., Lim, Y. J., Park, J. H. and Cho, Y. (2012) Dietary silk protein, sericin, improves epidermal hydration with increased levels of filaggrins and free amino acids in NC/Nga mice. Br. J. Nutr. 108, 1726-1735. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511007306
  49. Kim, Y. I., Park, K., Kim, J. Y., Seo, H. S., Shin, K. O., Lee, Y. M., Holleran, W. M., Elias, P. M. and Uchida, Y. (2014) An endoplasmic reticulum stress-initiated sphingolipid metabolite, ceramide-1-phosphate, regulates epithelial innate immunity by stimulating beta-defensin production. Mol. Cell. Biol. 34, 4368-4378. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00599-14
  50. Kligman, A. M. (1997) The treatment of acne with topical retinoids: one man's opinions. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 36, S92-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(97)70049-5
  51. Koczulla, R., von Degenfeld, G., Kupatt, C., Krotz, F., Zahler, S., Gloe, T., Issbrucker, K., Unterberger, P., Zaiou, M., Lebherz, C., Karl, A., Raake, P., Pfosser, A., Boekstegers, P., Welsch, U., Hiemstra, P. S., Vogelmeier, C., Gallo, R. L., Clauss, M. and Bals, R. (2003) An angiogenic role for the human peptide antibiotic LL-37/hCAP-18. J. Clin. Invest. 111, 1665-1672. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI17545
  52. Lakdawala, N., Babalola, O., 3rd, Fedeles, F., McCusker, M., Ricketts, J., Whitaker-Worth, D. and Grant-Kels, J. M. (2013) The role of nutrition in dermatologic diseases: facts and controversies. Clin. Dermatol. 31, 677-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.05.004
  53. Larsson, P., Ollinger, K. and Rosdahl, I. (2006) Ultraviolet (UV)A- and UVB-induced redox alterations and activation of nuclear factorkappaB in human melanocytes-protective effects of alpha-tocopherol. Br. J. Dermatol. 155, 292-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07347.x
  54. Lee, B., Vouthounis, C., Stojadinovic, O., Brem, H., Im, M. and Tomic-Canic, M. (2005) From an enhanceosome to a repressosome: molecular antagonism between glucocorticoids and EGF leads to inhibition of wound healing. J. Mol. Biol. 345, 1083-1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2004.11.027
  55. Lee, D. D., Stojadinovic, O., Krzyzanowska, A., Vouthounis, C., Blumenberg, M. and Tomic-Canic, M. (2009) Retinoid-responsive transcriptional changes in epidermal keratinocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 220, 427-439. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.21784
  56. Lin, J. Y., Selim, M. A., Shea, C. R., Grichnik, J. M., Omar, M. M., Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. and Pinnell, S. R. (2003) UV photoprotection by combination topical antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 48, 866-874. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2003.425
  57. Lopez-Torres, M., Thiele, J. J., Shindo, Y., Han, D. and Packer, L. (1998) Topical application of alpha-tocopherol modulates the antioxidant network and diminishes ultraviolet-induced oxidative damage in murine skin. Br. J. Dermatol. 138, 207-215. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02062.x
  58. Machlin, L. J., Filipski, R., Nelson, J., Horn, L. R. and Brin, M. (1977) Effects of a prolonged vitamin E deficiency in the rat. J. Nutr. 107, 1200-1208. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/107.7.1200
  59. McArdle, F., Rhodes, L. E., Parslew, R., Jack, C. I., Friedmann, P. S. and Jackson, M. J. (2002) UVR-induced oxidative stress in human skin in vivo: effects of oral vitamin C supplementation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 33, 1355-1362. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(02)01042-0
  60. McDermott, A. M., Kern, T. S. and Murphy, C. J. (1998) The effect of elevated extracellular glucose on migration, adhesion and proliferation of SV40 transformed human corneal epithelial cells. Curr. Eye Res. 17, 924-932. https://doi.org/10.1076/ceyr.17.9.924.5133
  61. McKenzie, R. C. (2000) Selenium, ultraviolet radiation and the skin. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 25, 631-636. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.2000.00725.x
  62. Menkes, J. H. (1988) Kinky hair disease: twenty five years later. Brain Dev. 10, 77-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0387-7604(88)80074-3
  63. Mesquita Kde, C., Igreja, A. C. and Costa, I. M. (2013) Atopic dermatitis and vitamin D: facts and controversies. An. Bras. Dermatol. 88, 945-953. https://doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20132660
  64. Meydani, S. N., Barklund, M. P., Liu, S., Meydani, M., Miller, R. A., Cannon, J. G., Morrow, F. D., Rocklin, R. and Blumberg, J. B. (1990) Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52, 557-563. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/52.3.557
  65. Mihaly, J., Gamlieli, A., Worm, M. and Ruhl, R. (2011) Decreased retinoid concentration and retinoid signalling pathways in human atopic dermatitis. Exp. Dermatol. 20, 326-330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01225.x
  66. Mitchnick, M. A., Fairhurst, D. and Pinnell, S. R. (1999) Microfine zinc oxide (Z-cote) as a photostable UVA/UVB sunblock agent. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 40, 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70532-3
  67. Motta, S., Monti, M., Sesana, S., Mellesi, L., Ghidoni, R. and Caputo, R. (1994) Abnormality of water barrier function in psoriasis. Role of ceramide fractions. Arch. Dermatol. 130, 452-456. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1994.01690040056007
  68. Mukherjee, S., Date, A., Patravale, V., Korting, H. C., Roeder, A. and Weindl, G. (2006) Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clin. Interv. Aging 1, 327-348. https://doi.org/10.2147/ciia.2006.1.4.327
  69. Naziroglu, M., Yildiz, K., Tamturk, B., Erturan, I. and Flores-Arce, M. (2012) Selenium and psoriasis. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 150, 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-012-9479-5
  70. Niles, R. M. (2002) The use of retinoids in the prevention and treatment of skin cancer. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 3, 299-303. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.3.3.299
  71. Njar, V. C., Gediya, L., Purushottamachar, P., Chopra, P., Vasaitis, T. S., Khandelwal, A., Mehta, J., Huynh, C., Belosay, A. and Patel, J. (2006) Retinoic acid metabolism blocking agents (RAMBAs) for treatment of cancer and dermatological diseases. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14, 4323-4340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2006.02.041
  72. Park, K., Elias, P. M., Oda, Y., Mackenzie, D., Mauro, T., Holleran, W. M. and Uchida, Y. (2011) Regulation of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide expression by an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, vitamin D receptor-independent pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 34121-34130. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.250431
  73. Park, K., Elias, P. M., Shin, K. O., Lee, Y. M., Hupe, M., Borkowski, A. W., Gallo, R. L., Saba, J., Holleran, W. M. and Uchida, Y. (2013a) A novel role of a lipid species, sphingosine-1-phosphate, in epithelial innate immunity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 33, 752-762. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.01103-12
  74. Park, K., Lee, S. and Lee, Y. M. (2013b) Sphingolipids and antimicrobial peptides: function and roles in atopic dermatitis. Biomol. Ther. 21, 251-257. https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2013.058
  75. Peroni, D. G., Piacentini, G. L., Cametti, E., Chinellato, I. and Boner, A. L. (2011) Correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and severity of atopic dermatitis in children. Br. J. Dermatol. 164, 1078-1082. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10147.x
  76. Peterkofsky, B. (1991) Ascorbate requirement for hydroxylation and secretion of procollagen: relationship to inhibition of collagen synthesis in scurvy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54, 1135s-1140s. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1135s
  77. Pickart, L. (2008) The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 19, 969-988. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856208784909435
  78. Pickart, L., Vasquez-Soltero, J. M. and Margolina, A. (2012) The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: implications for cognitive health. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2012, 324832.
  79. Radoja, N., Diaz, D. V., Minars, T. J., Freedberg, I. M., Blumenberg, M. and Tomic-Canic, M. (1997) Specific organization of the negative response elements for retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors in keratin gene family. J. Invest. Dermatol. 109, 566-572. https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12337483
  80. Rafferty, T. S., McKenzie, R. C., Hunter, J. A., Howie, A. F., Arthur, J. R., Nicol, F. and Beckett, G. J. (1998) Differential expression of selenoproteins by human skin cells and protection by selenium from UVB-radiation-induced cell death. Biochem. J. 332 (Pt 1), 231-236. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3320231
  81. Ricciarelli, R., Maroni, P., Ozer, N., Zingg, J. M. and Azzi, A. (1999) Age-dependent increase of collagenase expression can be reduced by alpha-tocopherol via protein kinase C inhibition. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 27, 729-737. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00007-6
  82. Ross, R. and Benditt, E. P. (1962) Wound healing and collagen formation. II. Fine structure in experimental scurvy. J. Cell Biol. 12, 533-551. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.12.3.533
  83. Sardy, M. (2009) Role of matrix metalloproteinases in skin ageing. Connect. Tissue Res. 50, 132-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/03008200802585622
  84. Shi, H. P., Fishel, R. S., Efron, D. T., Williams, J. Z., Fishel, M. H. and Barbul, A. (2002) Effect of supplemental ornithine on wound healing. J. Surg. Res. 106, 299-302. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsre.2002.6471
  85. Spravchikov, N., Sizyakov, G., Gartsbein, M., Accili, D., Tennenbaum, T. and Wertheimer, E. (2001) Glucose effects on skin keratinocytes: implications for diabetes skin complications. Diabetes 50, 1627-1635. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.50.7.1627
  86. Stechmiller, J. K., Childress, B. and Cowan, L. (2005) Arginine supplementation and wound healing. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 20, 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/011542650502000152
  87. Steenvoorden, D. P. and Beijersbergen van Henegouwen, G. (1999) Protection against UV-induced systemic immunosuppression in mice by a single topical application of the antioxidant vitamins C and E. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 75, 747-755. https://doi.org/10.1080/095530099140096
  88. Stewart, M. S., Cameron, G. S. and Pence, B. C. (1996) Antioxidant nutrients protect against UVB-induced oxidative damage to DNA of mouse keratinocytes in culture. J. Invest. Dermatol. 106, 1086-1089. https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12339344
  89. Takema, Y., Hattori, M. and Aizawa, K. (1996) The relationship between quantitative changes in collagen and formation of wrinkles on hairless mouse skin after chronic UV irradiation. J. Dermatol. Sci. 12, 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0923-1811(95)00467-X
  90. Thangapazham, R. L., Darling, T. N. and Meyerle, J. (2014) Alteration of skin properties with autologous dermal fibroblasts. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 15, 8407-8427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15058407
  91. Thiele, J. J. (2001) Oxidative targets in the stratum corneum. A new basis for antioxidative strategies. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 14 suppl 1, 87-91.
  92. Thiele, J. J., Schroeter, C., Hsieh, S. N., Podda, M. and Packer, L. (2001) The antioxidant network of the stratum corneum. Curr. Probl. Dermatol. 29, 26-42.
  93. Thiele, J. J., Traber, M. G. and Packer, L. (1998) Depletion of human stratum corneum vitamin E: an early and sensitive in vivo marker of UV induced photo-oxidation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 110, 756-761. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00169.x
  94. Tomic-Canic, M., Day, D., Samuels, H. H., Freedberg, I. M. and Blumenberg, M. (1996) Novel regulation of keratin gene expression by thyroid hormone and retinoid receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 1416-1423. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.3.1416
  95. Tyrrell, R. M. and Keyse, S. M. (1990) New trends in photobiology. The interaction of UVA radiation with cultured cells. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 4, 349-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/1011-1344(90)85014-N
  96. Uchida, Y. (2014) Ceramide signaling in mammalian epidermis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1841, 453-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.09.003
  97. Uchida, Y., Behne, M., Quiec, D., Elias, P. M. and Holleran, W. M. (2001) Vitamin C stimulates sphingolipid production and markers of barrier formation in submerged human keratinocyte cultures. J. Invest. Dermatol. 117, 1307-1313. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01555.x
  98. Uchida, Y. and Hamanaka, S. (2006). Stratum corneum ceramides: function, origins, and therapeutic applications. In Skin Barrier (P. M. Elias and K. R. Feingold, Eds.), pp. 43-65. Taylor & Francis, New York.
  99. Uchida, Y., Houben, E., Park, K., Douangpanya, S., Lee, Y. M., Wu, B. X., Hannun, Y. A., Radin, N. S., Elias, P. M. and Holleran, W. M. (2010) Hydrolytic pathway protects against ceramide-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes exposed to UVB. J. Invest. Dermatol. 130, 2472-2480. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2010.153
  100. van de Kerkhof, P. C. (2006) Update on retinoid therapy of psoriasis in: an update on the use of retinoids in dermatology. Dermatol. Ther. 19, 252-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2006.00082.x
  101. Van Hattem, S., Bootsma, A. H. and Thio, H. B. (2008) Skin manifestations of diabetes. Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 75, 772, 774, 776-777 passim.
  102. van Steensel, M. A. (2007) Emerging drugs for ichthyosis. Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs 12, 647-656. https://doi.org/10.1517/14728214.12.4.647
  103. Varani, J., Perone, P., Griffiths, C. E., Inman, D. R., Fligiel, S. E. and Voorhees, J. J. (1994) All-trans retinoic acid (RA) stimulates events in organ-cultured human skin that underlie repair. Adult skin from sun-protected and sun-exposed sites responds in an identical manner to RA while neonatal foreskin responds differently. J. Clin. Invest. 94, 1747-1756. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI117522
  104. Verfaille, C. J., Borgers, M. and van Steensel, M. A. (2008) Retinoic acid metabolism blocking agents (RAMBAs): a new paradigm in the treatment of hyperkeratotic disorders. J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges. 6, 355-364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2007.06541.x
  105. Voorhees, J. J. (1990) Clinical effects of long-term therapy with topical tretinoin and cellular mode of action. J. Int. Med. Res. 18 Suppl 3, 26c-28c. https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605900180S105
  106. Walraven, M., Gouverneur, M., Middelkoop, E., Beelen, R. H. and Ulrich, M. M. (2014) Altered TGF-beta signaling in fetal fibroblasts: what is known about the underlying mechanisms? Wound Repair Regen. 22, 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/wrr.12098
  107. Wu, S., Gao, J., Dinh, Q. T., Chen, C. and Fimmel, S. (2008) IL-8 production and AP-1 transactivation induced by UVA in human keratinocytes: roles of D-alpha-tocopherol. Mol. Immunol. 45, 2288-2296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2007.11.019
  108. Yamamoto, A., Serizawa, S., Ito, M. and Sato, Y. (1991) Stratum corneum lipid abnormalities in atopic dermatitis. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 283, 219-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01106105
  109. Yamamoto, M., Patel, N. A., Taggart, J., Sridhar, R. and Cooper, D. R. (1999) A shift from normal to high glucose levels stimulates cell proliferation in drug sensitive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells but not in multidrug resistant MCF-7/ADR cells which overproduce PKC-betaII. Int. J. Cancer. 83, 98-106. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19990924)83:1<98::AID-IJC18>3.0.CO;2-V

Cited by

  1. The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health vol.9, pp.8, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080866
  2. Risk factors for surgical site infection after instrumented fixation in spine trauma vol.23, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2015.08.023
  3. Effects of GABA on the expression of type I collagen gene in normal human dermal fibroblasts vol.81, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2016.1238296
  4. GABA promotes elastin synthesis and elastin fiber formation in normal human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) vol.81, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2017.1290518
  5. The effect of endothelialization on the epidermal differentiation in human three-dimensional skin constructs – A morphological study vol.61, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3233/CH-151988
  6. and Its Bioactive Metabolites as Ingested Agents for Skin Care vol.13, pp.5, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1089/ind.2017.0010
  7. Nutraceuticals for Skin Care: A Comprehensive Review of Human Clinical Studies vol.10, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040403
  8. Evidence for an interaction between linoleic acid intake and skin barrier properties in healthy dogs – a pilot study vol.6, pp.2049-257X, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1017/JAN.2018.6
  9. Effects of Vitamin B Complex and Vitamin C on Human Skin Cells vol.31, pp.5, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASW.0000531351.85866.d9
  10. Impaired Neovascularization in Aging pp.2162-1934, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2018.0912
  11. Serum lipids, retinoic acid and phenol red differentially regulate expression of keratins K1, K10 and K2 in cultured keratinocytes vol.10, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61640-9
  12. Characterization and Pharmacological Evaluation of Anti-Cellulite Herbal Product(s) Encapsulated in 3D-Fabricated Polymeric Microneedles vol.10, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63271-6
  13. Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review vol.13, pp.1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010203
  14. Antioxidant activity of seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) and coconut (Cocos nucifera) masks vol.712, pp.1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/712/1/012041
  15. Exploring Clinical Outcomes and Feasibility of Blended Tube Feeds in Children vol.45, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.2062
  16. Grapefruit-derived extracellular vesicles as a promising cell-free therapeutic tool for wound healing vol.12, pp.11, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo02953j
  17. N-Palmitoyl Serinol Stimulates Ceramide Production through a CB1-Dependent Mechanism in In Vitro Model of Skin Inflammation vol.22, pp.15, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158302
  18. Chemical Composition and Protective Effect of Young Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Dietary Supplements Extracts on UV-Treated Human Skin Fibroblasts in In Vitro Studies vol.10, pp.9, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091402
  19. Traditional Uses, Nutritional and Pharmacological Potentials of Clerodendrum volubile vol.10, pp.9, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091893
  20. A Beginner’s Introduction to Skin Stem Cells and Wound Healing vol.22, pp.20, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011030
  21. The Use of Calcium Phosphates in Cosmetics, State of the Art and Future Perspectives vol.14, pp.21, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216398
  22. Adverse impact of occupational exposure on Laborers of cement industry have scalp psoriasis and Pityriasis amiantacea with deficiency of zinc and selenium: impact of mineral supplement vol.28, pp.48, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15307-1