The Pluralism of Ethnic Cultures and Inclusive Development in the Philippines

  • Maohong, BAO (Department of History, and Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Peking University)
  • Received : 2014.05.19
  • Accepted : 2014.12.05
  • Published : 2015.06.30

Abstract

The relation of culture and development is complicated and multilayered. Inclusive development has been the national strategy of the government of President Benigno Aquino III. However, the role the culture is scarcely mentioned. This paper will try to contextualize development in Philippine history to further show the importance of national consciousness, ethnic cultures, indigenous cultures and modern culture,. This paper concludes that inclusive development of the Philippines will be achieved through glocalization, based on the creative reconstruction of cultures in and out of the Philippines.

Keywords

References

  1. Abinales, Patricio. 2000. Making Mindanao: Cotabato and Davao in the formation of the Philippine Nation-State. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
  2. Anderson, Benedict. 1998. The Spectre of Comparisons: Nationalism, Southeast Asia, and the World. London: Verso.
  3. Aquino, Belinda A. 1987. Politics of Plunder: The Philippines under Marcos. Quezon City: University of the Philippines.
  4. Balisacan, Arsenio M. 18/03/2014. Philippine economic briefing. http://www.neda.gov.ph/?p=2715(Accessed July 07, 2014).
  5. Bao, Maohong. 2008. Forest and development: the deforestation in the Philippines, 1946-1995. Beijing: China Environment Science Press.
  6. BBC News. 29/12/2012. Philippines contraception law signed by Benigno Aquino. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20863691 (Accessed July 07, 2014).
  7. Conde, Carlos H. 11/05/2007.Family dynasties bind politics in Philippines. New York Times. http://carlosconde.com/2007/05/12/family-dynasties-bind-politics-in-philippines/(Accessed July 05, 2014).
  8. Francisco, Juan R. 1963. Indian influences in the Philippines, with special reference to language and literature. Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, 17: 1-3.
  9. Giesecke, Leonard F. 1987. History of American Economic Policy in the Philippines during the American Colonial Period, 1900-1935. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.
  10. Nam, Suzy. 20/06/2012. The Philippines richest 2012. http://www.forbes.com/sites/suzynam/2012/06/20/the-philippines-richest-2012/(Accessed May 07, 2014).
  11. National Economic and Development Authority. 2011. Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016. Pasig City: National Economic and Development Authority.
  12. National Statistical Coordination Board. 09/12/2013. 2012 full year official poverty statistic. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/poverty/dataCharts.asp (Accessed July 07, 2014).
  13. National Statistics Office. 27/12/2013. School Attendance is Higher Among Females than Males (Results from the 2010 Census of Population and Housing). http://www.census.gov.ph/content/schoolattendance-higher-among-females-males-results-2010-census-population-and-housing(Accessed July 06, 2014).
  14. Oliveros, Reynaldo D., Ma. Concepcion M. Galvez, Yolanda R. Estrella and John Paul E. Andaquig. 2011. Philippine: History and Government. Quezon City: IBON Foundation, Inc.
  15. Pomeroy, William J. 1970. American Neo-colonialism: Its Emergence in the Philippines and Asia. New York: International Publishers.
  16. Pomeroy, William J. 1974. An American Made Tragedy: Neo-colonialism & Dictatorship in the Philippines. New York: International Publishers.
  17. Pomeroy, William J. 1992. The Philippines: Colonialism, Collaboration, and Resistance. New York: International Publishers.
  18. Scott, James C. 1972. Patron-Client politics and political change in Southeast Asia. The American Political Science Review, 66(1).
  19. Scott, William Henry. 2004. Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
  20. Social Weather Stations. 2013. Second Quarter 2013 Social Weather Survey. http://www.sws.org.ph/(Accessed July 07, 2014).
  21. Utting, Peter ed. 2000. Forest Policy and Politics in the Philippines: The Dynamics of Participatory Conservation. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University.
  22. Veneracion, Jaime B. 2001. Philippine Agriculture during the Spanish Regime. Quezon City: University of the Philippines.
  23. Warren, James Francis. 1981. The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press.
  24. White, Lynn Jr. 1967. The historical roots of our ecological crisis. Science, 155: 3767.
  25. World Bank. 2010. Philippines: Fostering More Inclusive Growth (Main Report). Washington, DC: World Bank.