Fire Science and Engineering (한국화재소방학회논문지)

Korean Institute of Fire Science and Engineering (한국화재소방학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Measurement of the Device Properties of Fixed Temperature Heat Detectors for the Fire Modeling

화재모델링을 위한 정온식 열감지기의 장치물성 측정

  • Received : 2013.12.27
  • Accepted : 2014.02.14
  • Published : 2014.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The high predictive performance of fire detector models is essentially needed to assure the reliability of fire and evacuation modeling in the process of Performance-Based fire safety Design (PBD). The main objective of the present study is to measure input information in order to predictive the accurate activation time of fixed temperature heat detectors adopted in Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) as a representative fire model. To end this, Fire Detector Evaluator (FDE) which could be measured the device properties of detector was used, and the spot-type fixed temperature heat detectors of two thermistor types and one bimetal type were considered as research objectors. Activation temperature and Response Time Index (RTI) of detectors required for the fire modeling were measured, and then the RTI was measured for ceiling jet flow and vertical jet flow in consideration of the install location of detectors. The results of fire modeling using measured device properties were compared and validated with the experimental results of full-scale compartment fires. It was confirmed that, in result, the numerically predicted activation time of detector showed reasonable agreement with the measured activation time.

성능위주 소방설계(PBD)의 과정에서 화재 및 피난모델링의 신뢰성을 확보하기 위해서는 화재감지기 모델의 높은 예측성능이 필수적으로 요구된다. 본 연구의 목적은 대표적인 화재모델인 FDS에 적용되고 있는 정온식 열감지기의 정확한 작동 개시시간을 예측하기 위한 입력정보를 측정하는 것이다. 이를 위해 화재감지기의 장치특성을 측정할 수 있는 Fire Detector Evaluator (FED)가 사용되었으며, 국내에서 적용되는 2개의 써미스터 방식(Thermistor types)과 1개의 바이메탈 방식(Bimetal type)의 스포트형 정온식 열감지기가 연구대상으로 고려되었다. 화재모델링을 위해 요구되는 감지기의 작동 개시온도 및 반응시간지수(Response Time Index)가 측정되었으며, 이때 RTI는 감지기의 설치위치를 고려하여 천장제트기류(Ceiling jet flow)와 수직제트기류(Vertical jet flow)에 대하여 측정되었다. 측정된 장치물성을 이용한 화재모델링 결과는 실규모 구획화재실험 결과와 비교 검증되었다. 그 결과 수치적으로 예측된 감지기의 작동 개시시간은 실험결과를 적절히 잘 예측함을 확인하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. J. H. McGuire and G. T. Tamura, "Simple Analysis of Smoke Flow Problems in High Rise Buildings", Fire Technology, Vol. 11, pp. 15-22 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02589997
  2. R. Custer, "Selection and Specification of the 'Design Fire' for Performance-Based Fire Protection Design", in Proceedings, SFPE Engineering Seminar, Phoenix, AZ, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Boston (1993).
  3. K. McGrattan, R. McDermott, S. Hostikka and J. Floyd, "Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 5) Technical Reference Guide", NIST Special Publication 1018-5, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD (2010).
  4. M. Ahrens, "U.S. Experience with Smoke Alarms and Other Fire Detector/Alarm Equipment", NFPA (2004).
  5. V. T. D'souza, J. A. Sutula, S. M. Olenick, W. Zhang and R. J. Roby, "Predicting Smoke Detector Activation using the Fire Dynamics Simulator", Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium of Fire Safety Science (2002).
  6. K. H. Kim and C. H. Hwang, "Measurement of the Device Properties of a Ionization Smoke Detector to Improve Predictive Performance of the Fire Modeling", Journal of Korean Institute of Fire Science Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 27-34 (2013). https://doi.org/10.7731/KIFSE.2013.27.4.27
  7. D. T. Gottuk and A. T. Pomeroy, "Heat Detector RTI-New Developments", Fire Suppression and Detection Research and Applications-A Technical Working Conference, Orlando, Florida (2011).
  8. S. Nam, L. P. Donovan and J. G. Kim, "Establishing Heat Detectors' Thermal Sensitivity Index through Bench-Scale Tests", Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 30, pp. 191-215 (2004).
  9. S. Nam, "Predicting Response Times of Fixed-temperature, Rate-of-rise, and Rate-compensated Heat Detectors by Utilizing Thermal Response Time Index", Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 41, pp. 616-627 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.06.004
  10. Factory Mutual, "FM 3209 American National Standards for Evaluating the Response Time Index for Fixed, Rate of Rise, and Rate Compensated Heat Detectors" (2008).
  11. A. T. Pomeroy, "Analysis of the Effects of Temperature and Velocity on the Response Time Index of Heat Detectors", Masters of Science, Department of Fire Protection Engineering, University of Maryland (2010).
  12. H. C. Ryu, S. H. Tae and B. K. Lee, "Response Time Index and Operation Time of Fixed Temperature Heat Detector", Journal of Korean Institute of Fire Science Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 11-16 (1993).
  13. K. McGrattan, S. Hostikka and J. Floyd, "Fire Dynamic Simulator (Version 5): User's Guide, NIST Special Publication 1019-5, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD (2009).
  14. A. Tewarson, "Generation of Heat and Chemical Compounds in Fires", SFPE Handbook of Fire Protecting Engineering, Social Fire Protection Engineers (1995).