Journal of Families and Better Life (가정과삶의질연구)

Korean Home Management Association (가정과삶의질학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on the Parental Belief Types of Mothers who Defected from North Korea

북한이탈주민 어머니의 부모신념 유형에 관한 연구

  • 천희영 (고신대학교 아동복지학과) ;
  • 옥경희 (광주대학교 유아교육과)
  • Received : 2012.03.08
  • Accepted : 2012.04.17
  • Published : 2012.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study explored the parental belief types of mothers who had defected from North Korea and found out its relationship to the mother's child-rearing behaviors and socio-demographical variables and the child's age. 89 mothers who had defected from North Korea with the youngest child being under 20 years old, responded to the questionnaire. The data were statistically analyzed by cluster analysis, MANOVA, and $X^2$-test. The results showed that the parental beliefs were clustered into 3 types: 'high child- and parent-centered & low cultural transformation'(cluster 1)(37.08%), 'low child- and parent-centered & middle cultural transformation'(cluster 2)(46.03%), and 'high child- and parent-centered & high cultural transformation'(cluster 3)(16.85%). The differences among the clusters were found in the warmth-acceptance and rejection-restriction dimensions of the mother's child-rearing behaviors. The frequencies of each cluster were meaningfully different depending on the mother's age, educational level, length of residence in South Korea, and their child's age. Based on these findings, the implications and suggestions were discussed.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahn, J. Y., & Park, S. Y.(2002). The effects of maternal parental beliefs, efficacy and stress on mother's parenting behaviors. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 40(1), 53-68.
  2. Ahn, Y. J.(2002). A qualitative study on family culture of North Korean defector. Unpublished master's thesis, Catholic University.
  3. Baumrind, D.(1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4, 1-103.
  4. Belsky, J., & Vondra, J.(1993). Developmental origins of parenting: Personality and relationship factors. In Luster, T. & Okagaki, L.(Eds.), Parenting: An ecological perspective(227-250). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  5. Borgen, F. H., & Barnett, D. C.(1987). Applying cluster analysis in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34(4), 456-468. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.34.4.456
  6. Bornstein, M. H., & Cheah, C. S. L.(2006). The place of culture and parenting in the ecological contextual perspective on developmental science. In K. H. Rubin & O. B. Chung(Eds.), Parenting beliefs, behaviors, and parent-child relations(3-33). N.Y.: Psychology Press.
  7. Chae, J. M.(2003). The mechanisms and patterns of the North Korean defectors' psychological acculturation in the Republic of Korea. Doctoral Dissertation, Korea University.
  8. Chae, J. M., & Yhi, J. H.(2004). North Korea-South Korea cultural heterogeneity in psychological perspective: Focusing on the North Korea defectors' adaptation. Korean Journal of Psychological and Social Issues, 10(2), 79-101.
  9. Chao, R.(1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65, 1111-1119. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131308
  10. Chin, M. J., & Yi, S. H.(2007). The family characteristics affecting the socio-cultural adjustment of North Korean defectors. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 45(5), 63-74.
  11. Cho, B. H., Shin, N. L., Ahn, J. J., Lee, J. L., Choi, Y. K., Song, S. Y., Kim, J. Y., & Kim, Y. W.(2009). 2009 Panel study on Korean children. Research Report, Korea Institute of Child Care and Education.
  12. Choi, K. S.(2011). The differences in the relation of fathers' and mothers' educational belief to overprotective/controlling parenting behaviors and academic involvement. Unpublished master's thesis, Ewha Womans University.
  13. Chun, H. Y.(1998). Is authoritative parenting the best for children's social adjustment?: Reconsideration based on western and Asian cultures, and social behaviors. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 36(8), 21-37.
  14. Chun, H. Y.(2003). Relations among social withdrawal conduct's objects and subtypes, mother's childrearing beliefs in 4-year-old children: Comparing Korean with American mothers. Paper presented at the 2003 Korean Association of Child Studies International Conference, Seoul, Korea.
  15. Cortes, D. E., Rogler, L. H., & Malgady, R. C.(1994). Biculturality among Puerto Rican adults in the United States. American Journal of Community Psychology, 22(5), 707-721. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02506900
  16. Dok, K. S.(2001). A comparative study on the vale orientation of North Korean defectors. Korean Journal of Sociology, 35(1), 149-174.
  17. Entwisle, D. R., & Hayduk, L. A.(1981). Academic expectation and the school attainment of young children. Sociology of Education, 54, 34-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/2112511
  18. Goodnow, J. J.(1988). Parents' ideas, actions, and feelings: Models and methods from developmental and social psychology. Child Development, 59, 286-320. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130312
  19. Grusec, J. E., Rudy, D., & Martini, T.(1997). Parenting cognitions and child outcomes: An overview and implications for children's internalization of values. In J. E. Grusec & L. Kuczynski(Eds.), Parenting and children's internalization of values(259-282). N.Y.: Wiley.
  20. Han, Y. M., Hokoda, A., & Song, H.(2009). A study on the educational belief of Korean-American mothers and European American mothers. Korea Journal of Child Care and Education, 57, 271-288.
  21. Harkness, S., & Super, C. M.(2006). Themes and variations: Parental ethnotheories in western cultures. In K. H. Rubin & O. B. Chung(Eds.), Parenting beliefs, behaviors, and parent-child relations(61-79). N.Y.:Psychology Press.
  22. Hasting, P. D., & Rubin, K. H.(1999). Predicting mothers' beliefs about preschool-aged children's social behavior: Evidence for maternal attitudes moderating child effects. Child Development, 70(3), 722-741. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00052
  23. Hong, J. E.(2003). Analysis of Noreth Korean defectors parent's changes and problmes in child-rearing. Unpublished master's thesis, Seoul Woman's University.
  24. Hwang, M. S.(2006). A study on the parental beliefs about letter education and writing activity for early childhood. Unpublished master's thesis, Kyung Hee University.
  25. Jeon, Y. S.(1992). The effects of mother's belief and child's sex on child's cognitive ability. Unpublished master's thesis, Sungkyunkwan University.
  26. Johnson, J. E., & Martin, C.(1983). Family environments and kindergarten children's academic knowledge. Paper presented at the meeting of the Northeastern Educational Research Association. Ellenville, N.Y..
  27. Jung, M. S.(2008). The realities of early private education subsequent to mother' view on education of their child: Centering on a mother having a child of full five years old. Unpublished master's thesis, Kong Ju National University.
  28. Jung, T. Y., & Song, K. J.(2006). Duality in value structure and behavioral judgment system: Comparisons between undergraduates, adults and North Korean defectors. Korean Journal of Psychological and Social Issues, 12(3), 49-68.
  29. Jung, T. Y., Choi, Y. J., & Kim, Y. M.(2003). Similarities and differences between generations of North Korea evaluations by its defects: Comparisons with South Korea. Journal of the Korea Gerontological Society, 23(3), 29-47.
  30. Kim, A. M.(2000). The relationship among mothers' beliefs about knowledge Acquisition, mothers' teaching strategies and preschoolers' problem-solving abilities. Doctoral Dissertation, Kyung Hee University.
  31. Kim, H. J.(1995). Maternal beliefs about child-rearing in Korea and the United States. Journal of Early Childhood Education, 15(2), 5-22.
  32. Kim, H. T.(2008). Family factors affecting psychological adaptation of adolescents moved from North Korea. Journal of Family Relations, 13(1), 49-73.
  33. Kim, J. S.(2011). Family life of christian NKD in South Korea: Focus on marital relationships. Doctoral Dissertation, Baekseok University.
  34. Kim, J. S., & Park, S. Y.(1997). Maternal traditional-modern values, childrearing practices and children's social behaviors. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 18(1), 125-142.
  35. Kim, K. H.(1994). Parental beliefs about intelligence, childrearing, educational goal. Unpublished master's thesis, Sookmyung Women's University.
  36. Kim, M. H.(2006). Maternal parental beliefs, parenting attitude and children's sense of social competence: A comparative study of Koreans residing in Korea and those residing in Canada. Doctoral Dissertation, Sookmyung Women's University.
  37. Kim, M. H., & Ok, K. H., & Chun, H. Y.(2003). The effects of maternal beliefs and childrearing behavior on the preschoolers' aggressive and social withdrawal behavior. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 41(4), 85-100.
  38. Kim, M. J. & Chung, K. S.(2007). Parenting of Young Children by North Korean Parents in South Korea: A Qualitative Study. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 26(1), 71-94.
  39. Kim, M. J.(2004). The relations between children's perception of parental childrearing behaviors and their behavior problems. Unpublished master's thesis, Yonsei University.
  40. Kim, S. C.(2006). Effects of North Korean defectors' family environment in North Korea on their adjustment to South Korean society. Korean Unification Studies, 11(1), 35-56.
  41. Kim, S. D.(1991). The Relations between educational belief and child rearing attitude of young children's mothers. Unpublished master's thesis, Konkuk University.
  42. Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, V.(1997). Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: Self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1245-1267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1245
  43. Lee, J. H.(2000). The psychological approach to the unification. Seoul: Seoul National University Press.
  44. Lee, J. L.(2005). Parents' cultural beliefs about children's success in school. Journal of Korean Living Science Association, 14(5), 721-736.
  45. Lee, K. C., Lee, G. Y., Rhee, E. Y., Yi, S. H., Kim, D. N., Park, Y. S., & Choi, Y. S.(2001). North Korean living culture. Seoul: Seoul National University Press.
  46. Lee, K. C., Rhee, E. Y., Yi, S. H., Park, Y. S., Kim, D. N., & Choi, Y. S.(1997). South and North Korean living cultures: Their differences and integration (I). Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 35(6), 289-315.
  47. Lee, W. Y.(1983). The relationship of mother's educational views and child-rearing attitudes to child development. Doctoral Dissertation, Ewha Womans University.
  48. McGillicuddy-DeLisi, A.(1980). The role of parental beliefs in the family as a system of mutual influence. Family Relations, 29, 317-323. https://doi.org/10.2307/583851
  49. McGillicuddy-DeLisi, A.(1992). Parents' beliefs and children's personal-social development. In I. Sigel, A. McGillicuddy-DeLisi, & J. Goodnow(Eds.), Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children(115-142). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  50. Miller, S. A.(1988). Parents' beliefs about children's cognitive development. Child Development, 59, 259-285. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130311
  51. Mills, R., & Rubin, K. H.(1990). Parental beliefs about problematic social behaviors in early childhood. Child Development, 61, 138-151. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131054
  52. Ministry of unification (2011). Data: Number of North Korean refugees entered the South Korea. http://www.unikorea.go.kr.
  53. Oh, J. H., & Jung, T. Y.(2006). Variation in mother's parenting style dependent on their children's school age. The Korean Journal of School Psychology, 3(2), 43-54.
  54. Okagaki, L., & Sternberg, R. J.(1993). Parental beliefs and children's school performance. Child Development, 64, 36-56. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131436
  55. Park, J. R.(2009). Female Saeteomins` Childcare and Work: The Current State and Support Measures. Korean Cultural Studies, 28, 97-135.
  56. Park, S. Y.(1996). Mother's traditional - modern values, child rearing behaviors, and their children's social behaviors. Unpublished master's thesis, Kyung Hee University.
  57. Rohner, R. P., & Pettengill, S.(1985). Perceived parental acceptance and parental control among Korean adolescents. Child Development, 56, 524-528. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129739
  58. Seo, K. N., & Moon, H. J.(2008). Mothers' beliefs in developmentally appropriate practice: Relationships with mother's childhood experience, parenting efficacy and parenting behavior. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 29(3), 23-40.
  59. Sheinberg, N.(2003). How should I raise my child? Doctoral Dissertation. Harvard University.
  60. Shin, H.(1996). Korean-American mothers' self-reported parenting patterns and children's social competence. Doctoral Dissertation, Iowa State University.
  61. Song, J. I.(2002). Comparative study on family life between North and South Korea. Unpublished master's thesis, Soongsil University.
  62. Song, M. S., & Ok, S. W.(2005). Development of a maternal beliefs scale on preschool children's education. Journal of Korean Living Science Association, 14(1), 1-13.
  63. Sung, W. H.(2006). Applied analysis of multiple variance. Seoul: Tamjin.
  64. Susman, E. J., Schmelk, K. H., Ponirakis, A., & Gariepy, J. L.(2001). Maternal prenatal, postpartum, and concurrent stressors and temperament in 3-yearsolds: A person and variable analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 629-652. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579401003121
  65. Triandis, H.(1995). Individualism & collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  66. Trommsdorff, G.(2006). Parent-child relations over the lifespan: A cross-cultural perspective. In K. H. Rubin & O. B. Chung(Eds.), Parenting beliefs, behaviors, and parent-child relations(143-183). N.Y.: Psychology Press.